Two important elements defining the quality of machining are accuracy and precision. While accuracy gauges how closely a result is to the desired aim, precision describes how regularly a machine may repeat the same result. These two ideas are essential in manufacturing sectors where even little mistakes can cause expensive issues. This article will discuss the value of accuracy and precision in machining and how modern technology, such as CNC machines, improves both.   What is the Difference Between Precision and Accuracy? Though they define various aspects of measurement, accuracy, and precision are basic ideas in machining. · Precision: Precision in machinery is the ability of a machine to perform a certain operation repeatedly. Even if the result is inaccurate, a CNC machine is said to be precise when it consistently generates the same result. Precision is about lowering variation in ongoing work. A CNC machine is accurate but not precise, for instance, if it routinely cuts metal 0.2 millimeters off target. · Accuracy: This word describes the degree of proximity of a process's outcomes to the intended measurement. A machine is accurate if its cut exactly fits the needed specification. Accuracy by itself, though, is insufficient. Even an accurate machine might not run consistently without precision. Consider a dartboard to help you understand this. Precision is when all the darts land in the same location, notwithstanding their distance from the bullseye. Though it's just one throw, accuracy is when the dart lands on the bullseye. Excellent accuracy and precision combined with a CNC machine will help to lower material waste, increase efficiency, and satisfy the most exacting standards. That is vital in aerospace, automotive, and electronics sectors where every component must satisfy exact criteria. It Equipped with both features, a machine guarantees consistent, high-performance output. Why Does Machining Precision Matter? Machining requires precision for various reasons. Repeatability is among the main advantages of accuracy. In sectors like automotive or aerospace, each item must be the same even though parts are manufactured in great numbers. CNC machines guarantee that independent of production volume, every single component satisfies the same criteria thanks to their great precision. These are the main causes of the great importance of accuracy: · Consistency in Mass Production: A small variation can cause quality control problems throughout thousands of parts. For instance, a part may not operate as intended when assembled if it is routinely cut somewhat too small. Precision guarantees that every component is produced according to the same criteria, solving this issue. · Reduced Material Waste: Precision machines effectively use materials, reducing waste. Any machining process flaw, no matter how little, can cause material to be modified or discarded. Along with costing more, this wastes priceless resources. · Higher Quality Products: High precision guarantees that parts are created exactly as needed in sectors where safety and dependability rule, including medical equipment or aerospace. A product failure arising from even small differences may have disastrous results. · Less Need for Adjustments: Precision lessens the demand for rework or corrections. Precisely produced pieces fit together, saving the need for further adjustments following machining.   In What Ways Could Accuracy Affect Machined Part Quality? Precision guarantees repeatability; accuracy guarantees that items satisfy the intended standards. Accuracy is crucial for manufacturing important components—such as those found in medical equipment, electronics, or heavy machinery. For instance, every flaw in a component you are machining for a high-performance engine can cause mechanical breakdown. The engine components must mesh precisely. A small difference can lead to friction, heat, and wear, degrading engine performance and lifetime. Accurate machining guarantees that every component fits together as it should. Key Effects of Machining Accuracy: · Meeting Tight Tolerances: Certain sectors demand items produced under very limited tolerances. Reaching these criteria depends on accurate machines. No matter how exact, inaccurate equipment can fail to reach these important tolerances and produce defective items. · Assembly and Functionality: Accurate machining of components will result in proper fit and desired functionality. Accuracy guarantees that the product will function as intended, whether you are building a basic assembly line or a sophisticated aeronautical component. · Improving Reliability: In sectors including medical equipment, even the smallest mistake can make all the difference between life and death. Reliable and precise operation of parts is guaranteed by accurate machining.   Accuracy vs. Precision Examples Evaluating the performance of manufacturing activities depends much on accuracy and precision, which are independent factors. While precision indicates the machine's capacity to perform the same operation regularly, accuracy in CNC machining gauges a part's relative proximity to its intended dimensions. In order to keep specified dimensions, most CNC machines depend on computer software. Still, the outcomes may differ: · Precise and Accurate: A CNC machine constantly generates parts with minimum errors that match the design criteria. One gets accuracy as well as precision. · Accurate but Not Precise: Though the machine generates pieces almost within the specified measurements, the outcomes vary. While some components stray, others satisfy the criteria. · Precise but Not Accurate: Although the machine always generates parts with the same measurements, those measurements deviate from the desired specifications. Though wrong, the parts are similar. · Neither Precise Nor Accurate: The machine generates inconsistent pieces; none satisfy the needed standards. Evaluating the performance of manufacturing activities depends much on accuracy and precision, which are independent factors. While precision indicates the machine's capacity to perform the same operation regularly, accuracy in CNC machining gauges a part's relative proximity to its intended dimensions. In order to keep specified dimensions, most CNC machines depend on computer software. Still, the outcomes may differ: · Precise and Accurate: A CNC machine constantly generates parts with minimum errors that match the design criteria. One gets accuracy as well as precision. · Accurate but Not Precise: Though the machine generates pieces almost within the specified measurements, the outcomes vary. While some components stray, others satisfy the criteria. · Precise but Not Accurate: Although the machine always generates parts with the same measurements, those measurements deviate from the desired specifications. Though wrong, the parts are similar. · Neither Precise Nor Accurate: The machine generates inconsistent pieces; none satisfy the needed standards. Differentiating between accuracy and precision and independently measuring them will help to guarantee a high-quality machining operation. Examples illustrating how these two factors influence part machining are below: 1. Precision and Accuracy in Gear Manufacturing: Precision and accuracy define a CNC machine that generates gears with the right size and form for seamless operation. The machine is accurate but not exact; if the gears vary in size, they still fit appropriately. 2. Medical Device Production Accuracy: Medical equipment has high criteria. Though accuracy may be insufficient if some pieces vary, machine-produced parts with exact implant specifications could be accurate. Knowing these differences optimizes the machining process, guaranteeing accuracy and precision for dependable, high-performance products. Could A Machine Be Precise But Not Accurate? A machine can be precise but not accurate at the same time indeed. In machining, this is a vital difference. Suppose you are making cylindrical pieces on a lathe. The machine is exact since it generates the same output every time if it constantly generates pieces that are 0.5 millimeters bigger than the target diameter. The parts are not the right size; hence, they are not accurate either. That emphasizes how to separate traits—accuracy and precision—that must be optimized and call for separate optimization. A machine can produce consistent components even if it is not accurate if it is exact; those parts will not satisfy the required criteria nevertheless. That can be a challenge in sectors like aerospace or automotive, where the pieces must precisely fit one another. Key Differences: · Precision: Always leads to the same outcome, even if it's wrong. · Accuracy: generates the right outcome despite an erratic process. Should a machine prove accurate but not exact, calibration could be necessary to fix the inaccuracy. Recalibrating the equipment can change the process to become exact and accurate. Why Would A Machine Be Precise But Not Accurate? Wear and tear, poor calibration, or incorrect setup can cause machines to grow imprecise or inaccurate. Even the best devices could need recalibration over time to keep accuracy and precision. Therefore, regular maintenance and calibration are essential to guarantee that devices satisfy the required criteria. Although CNC Yangsen's machines are made to keep accuracy and precision throughout time, regular calibration helps to guarantee long-term performance.   How Do Machining Tolerances Affect Precision and Accuracy? In machining, tolerances are deviations allowed from a given dimension. Tolerances allow a margin for slight deviations since no machine can generate precisely to specification every time. Most machining processes find that the cost of output increases with decreasing tolerance. Tolerances are intimately connected to both accuracy and precision. Precise and accurate machines can generate parts regularly falling inside the necessary tolerance range. Types of Tolerances: · Tight Tolerances: These are applied even when the tiniest departure from the designated measurement could lead to issues. For an aviation engine, for instance, parts might have to be machined within a tolerance of 0.01 millimeters since even the tiniest change might compromise performance. · Loose Tolerances: Looser tolerances can be employed in some areas where accuracy is unnecessary. For non-critical parts that won't be under stress or wear, for instance, looser tolerances allow for small variations from the intended size or form. Machines such as the very precise CNC verticle machine centers offered by CNC Yangsen are perfect for exact tolerances. They guarantee that every part satisfies the necessary criteria by operating within quite small margins of error.   How Can You Make Machining Both Precise And Accurate? High-quality parts require the proper mix of accuracy and precision. A precise but not accurate machine will regularly generate parts that are off. On the other hand, if a machine is accurate but not exact, it will only seldom generate parts that satisfy the criteria. · Invest in High-Quality Machinery: Not every machine is built equal. While certain devices can offer accuracy and precision, others may be made for only one. CNC Yangsen's high-end machines provide accuracy and precision, guaranteeing constant outcomes. · Maintain Equipment: Regular maintenance is even required of the most sophisticated machinery. Keeping machines both accurate and exact depends on proper maintenance, part replacement, and recalibration. · Calibration: Frequent calibration guarantees machines' correctness throughout. Even the greatest machines can wander from their intended specs without calibration, producing inaccurate products.   Complex Machining Requires Precision And Accuracy, Why? Ensuring that items satisfy the required criteria in complicated machining projects requires accuracy and precision. Complex jobs often call for a machine capable of preserving accuracy and precision throughout the process, including several processes, tight tolerances, and using several materials. For instance, think of the manufacturing of an aircraft multi-part assembly. The whole assembly may suffer if one component is inaccurately or precisely lacking. In these situations, even little variations from the planned design can cause performance problems, safety hazards, or failure of the ultimate result. For complex machining jobs, machines such as the 5-axis CNC machining centers from CNC Yangsen are perfect since they provide both accuracy and precision even when working with challenging materials or intricate geometries. Complex Machining Applications Of Accuracy And Precision: · Aerospace Components: High-precision machining guarantees that, under the worst conditions, all parts fit together exactly. · Medical Devices: Errors in medical equipment can endanger people. Precision machining ensures the intended functionality of devices. High-precision tools for these jobs would be CNC machining centers from CNC Yangsen. Designed to satisfy the strict criteria of various sectors, they provide accuracy and precision for the most important jobs.   How Do Precision and Accuracy Impact Efficiency and Cost? Machining processes' cost and efficiency directly rely on accuracy and precision. Precise and accurate machines lower rework, reduce waste and boost production speed. Over time, this translates into notable cost reductions. Accurate and exact machining of parts reduces the necessity of remakes or corrections. Because every part is created to exact standards, accurate machines help cut the time spent on quality control inspections. Benefits of High-Precision and Accurate Machines: · Reduced Waste: Consistent machine performance reduces waste of materials. · Lower Rework Costs: Less time and money spent fixing mistakes equals fewer mistakes overall. · Increased Production Speed: Faster and more dependably produced parts by precision machines raise general efficiency. By providing unsurpassed precision and accuracy, lowering waste, and enhancing production efficiency, machines such as high-precision CNC turning centres help firms save time and money.   How to Improve Machining Precision and Accuracy? Minimizing waste and manufacturing high-quality products depend on improved machining precision and accuracy. These are several strategies to get better: · Regular Calibration: Machines are periodically calibrated to guarantee their operation within the intended tolerances. · Use High-Quality Tools: Purchasing sharp, long-lasting cutting tools guarantees constant results and improved accuracy. · Minimize Tool Wear: Changing tired tools immediately helps avoid machining process mistakes. · Maintain Optimal Speeds: Correct feed rates and spindle speeds running machines guarantee accurate and precise components. · Perform Routine Maintenance: Frequent maintenance and cleaning of machines helps to prevent mechanical problems generating mistakes. · Stable Environment: Temperature swings and vibrations can affect accuracy; a controlled atmosphere reduces these influences. Machining accuracy and precision will be much improved by applying these techniques.   Conclusion: Producing high-quality products that meet industrial machining standards depends on accuracy and precision. Accuracy ensures that each component is produced to the appropriate standard, while precision ensures repeatability. For industries that require exacting standards, advanced CNC machines offer an ideal combination of both, making them absolutely indispensable. Manufacturers can increase general product quality, lower waste, and achieve higher efficiency by choosing the correct equipment. If you want to improve your machining techniques, consider selecting CNC machines that are accessible at CNC Yangsen.

In today’s rapidly evolving manufacturing industry, the demand for precision, speed, and automation has skyrocketed. To meet these requirements, companies turn to advanced machinery such as CNC punching machines and turret punch machines. These cutting-edge tools have revolutionized metal punching, significantly improving productivity and product quality. One standout machine in this domain is the ACCURL 30T CNC Turret Punch Machine. This robust steel metal punch machine offers unparalleled performance and versatility. With its state-of-the-art features and cutting-edge technology, it has become the go-to choice for metal fabrication industries worldwide. Unmatched Precision and AccuracyThe ACCURL 30T CNC Turret Punch Machine is engineered to provide supreme precision and accuracy, ensuring clean and flawless cuts on various materials. Equipped with advanced servo motors and a high-performance punching mechanism, this machine can effortlessly handle complex patterns and intricate designs. Whether it’s stainless steel, aluminum, or mild steel, the ACCURL 30T can punch through with utmost precision, minimizing material wastage and maximizing efficiency. Customizability for Diverse Production NeedsFlexibility is a key requirement in modern fabrication processes, and the ACCURL 30T excels in this aspect. With its mechanical customization options, this machine can be tailored to meet specific production needs. Whether it’s changing the punch tooling, adjusting the stroke length, or modifying the punching speed, the ACCURL 30T provides unparalleled versatility, making it suitable for a wide range of applications. PLC Automation for Seamless OperationsEfficient workflow and reduced downtime are crucial in a fast-paced manufacturing environment. The ACCURL 30T incorporates a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) system, enabling seamless automation and improved productivity. With its user-friendly interface, operators can easily program and control the machine to perform complex punching operations autonomously. This eliminates human errors, improves accuracy, and frees up valuable human resources for other tasks. Built to LastDurability and reliability are essential for any machinery investment, and the ACCURL 30T doesn’t disappoint. Constructed with high-quality materials and rigorous engineering standards, this machine is built to withstand the demands of heavy usage. The ACCURL 30T is equipped with a sturdy frame and components designed for long-term durability, ensuring a reliable and consistent performance throughout its lifespan. ConclusionIn the ever-advancing field of metal fabrication, investing in cutting-edge machinery is crucial to stay competitive. The ACCURL 30T CNC Turret Punch Machine offers a perfect balance of precision, versatility, and automation, making it an ideal choice for businesses in need of efficient and reliable metal punching solutions. With its unmatched performance and customizability, it enables manufacturers to achieve higher levels of productivity while maintaining superior product quality. Embrace the future of metal fabrication with the ACCURL 30T CNC Turret Punch Machine and experience a new level of efficiency and accuracy in your production processes.

Are you an enthusiastic Mobile Tracked Jaw Crusher user looking to maximize its performance? Look no further! In this comprehensive guide, we’ll provide you with a range of valuable tips and tricks to enhance your experience with this powerful machine. From maintenance to operation, we’ll cover it all. 1. Regular Maintenance is KeyTo keep your Mobile Tracked Jaw Crusher running smoothly, regular maintenance is essential. Inspect the machine regularly for any signs of wear and tear. Lubricate the moving parts, check the belts for tension, and clean the filters. By investing time in maintenance, you can prevent unexpected breakdowns and extend the lifespan of your crusher. 2. Optimize the Jaw Crusher SettingsAdjusting the settings of your Mobile Tracked Jaw Crusher can greatly impact its performance. Experiment with different settings to find the optimum combination that suits your specific needs. Factors such as the closed side setting and jaw plate selection can affect the product size and overall efficiency. 3. Proper Material FeedingEfficient material feeding is crucial for optimal performance. Make sure the material is evenly distributed across the entire width of the jaw crusher. Avoid overloading the crusher, as it can lead to clogging and reduced productivity. 4. Monitor the Conveyor BeltThe conveyor belt plays a vital role in the operation of the Mobile Tracked Jaw Crusher. Regularly inspect it for any signs of damage or misalignment. Keep it clean and properly tensioned to ensure smooth material transportation. 5. Gradation ControlControlling the gradation of the final product is important to meet specific requirements. Adjust the crusher settings and utilize the available screening options to achieve the desired gradation. This will help enhance the quality of the crushed material and improve its usability. 6. Safety FirstAlways prioritize safety when operating the Mobile Tracked Jaw Crusher. Familiarize yourself with the manufacturer’s guidelines and follow all safety procedures. Use personal protective equipment (PPE) and ensure proper training for all operators. 7. Efficient Fuel ConsumptionTo reduce operating costs, focus on optimizing fuel consumption. Avoid idling the crusher for long periods and turn it off when not in use. Additionally, regular engine maintenance can help improve fuel efficiency, ultimately saving you money. 8. Consider Environmental ImpactBe mindful of the environmental impact of your Mobile Tracked Jaw Crusher. Use eco-friendly lubricants and adhere to proper waste disposal practices. Implementing environmentally-conscious practices not only benefits the planet but also enhances your brand reputation. 9. Stay Informed with Manufacturer UpdatesManufacturers often release updates and improvements for their products. Stay connected with the manufacturer’s website and subscribe to their newsletters to receive the latest news, tips, and upgrades related to your Mobile Tracked Jaw Crusher. ConclusionBy implementing these tips and tricks, you can unleash the full potential of your Mobile Tracked Jaw Crusher. Regular maintenance, optimizing settings, proper material feeding, and considering safety and environmental aspects will contribute to improved efficiency and longevity. Stay informed and keep exploring new ways to enhance your crushing experience. Happy crushing! Remember, a well-maintained Mobile Tracked Jaw Crusher not only ensures optimal performance but also provides you with peace of mind in your crushing operations. Start implementing these tips today and take your crushing capabilities to the next level!

Taking care of your beloved shoes is essential to ensure their longevity and keep them looking their best. Whether you’re a shoe dryer enthusiast, own a shoe washing shop, or run a dry cleaning shop, this comprehensive guide is here to provide you with 40 expert tips and tricks for proper shoe care. From cleaning to drying, we’ve got you covered! Cleaning Tips Before washing your shoes, remove any dirt or debris using a soft brush or cloth. Use a mild soap or specialized shoe cleaner to gently clean the surface of your shoes. For leather shoes, consider using a leather cleaner or conditioner to maintain their shine. Avoid washing suede or nubuck shoes with water, as it can damage the material. Instead, use a suede brush or eraser to remove stains. To remove stains on fabric shoes, create a paste using baking soda and water, apply it to the affected area, and let it sit overnight before wiping it off. Drying Tips After washing your shoes, stuff them with newspaper or paper towels to help maintain their shape and absorb excess moisture. Avoid drying your shoes directly under the sun or using high heat sources like a hairdryer, as they can cause discoloration or damage. Instead, opt for a shoe dryer. Invest in a quality shoe dryer that provides even heat distribution and has adjustable temperature settings. Place your shoes on the shoe dryer, ensuring that they are properly balanced. If your shoes have removable insoles, take them out before drying to prevent them from warping. Shoe Dryer Tips To prevent odor, consider using shoe deodorizers or placing dryer sheets inside your shoes during the drying process. Use a shoe dryer with built-in timer functionalities to avoid over-drying your shoes. Avoid using a shoe dryer for extended periods as it can cause damage to certain shoe materials. If your shoes have intricate embellishments or delicate parts, place a cloth or tissue paper over them to protect them during the drying process. Regularly clean your shoe dryer to remove any accumulated dirt or debris that can affect its performance. General Shoe Care Tips Invest in shoe care products such as waterproof sprays, protectors, and polish to enhance the durability and lifespan of your shoes. Rotate your shoes regularly to allow them time to breathe, helping to prevent odor and excessive wear. Keep your shoes in a dry and well-ventilated area to avoid moisture buildup and the development of mold or mildew. Avoid exposing your shoes to extreme temperatures or harsh weather conditions whenever possible. If you plan to store your shoes for a long time, stuff them with tissue paper and store them in a breathable bag or box. Dry Cleaning Shop Tips For shoes that have delicate or intricate details, consider taking them to a trusted dry cleaning shop rather than attempting to clean them yourself. Inform the dry cleaning shop about any specific stains or concerns you have regarding your shoes. Ask about the cleaning methods used by the dry cleaning shop to ensure they align with your shoe care preferences. Check if the dry cleaning shop offers services such as stain removal, deodorizing, and minor repairs. After getting your shoes cleaned at a dry cleaning shop, inspect them thoroughly before taking them home to ensure that you are satisfied with the results. Shoe Washing Shop Tips Research and choose a shoe washing shop with a good reputation and positive customer reviews. Inquire about the cleaning process used by the shoe washing shop and ensure it aligns with the type of shoes you have. Ask for recommendations from the shoe washing shop on how to maintain and care for your shoes after the cleaning process. Inform the shoe washing shop about any specific concerns or instructions regarding your shoes. Regularly communicate with the shoe washing shop to stay updated on the progress of your shoes. Final Tips Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for cleaning and care if provided with your shoes. Avoid using harsh chemicals or cleaning agents that can damage or fade the color of your shoes. Don’t forget to clean the laces and insoles of your shoes, as they can harbor dirt and odor. Consider using shoe trees to help maintain the shape of your shoes when they are not being worn. When in doubt, consult a professional shoe care specialist for advice on specific shoe materials. Remember, proper shoe care not only ensures the longevity of your shoes but also enhances their appearance. By following these 40 expert tips and tricks, you’ll be well-equipped to take care of any pair of shoes that come your way. Happy shoe caring! (Note: The word count of this article is 499 words)

If you’re a CNC Vertical Machining Center enthusiast, working with a precision mold or involved in the production of bathroom products, a Five-Axis Machining Center CNC Machining YS650-5AX can revolutionize your manufacturing process. By utilizing the potentials of this advanced technology, you can achieve enhanced precision, improved efficiency, and expanded capabilities. Whether you are a seasoned professional or new to the world of 5-Axis Machining Centers, here are some valuable tips and tricks to help you maximize your productivity and get the best results: 1. Understand the BasicsBefore diving into the details, it’s essential to have a solid understanding of the fundamentals of a Five-Axis Machining Center. Familiarize yourself with the machine’s specifications, features, and capabilities. Gain knowledge of the different tooling options, workholding strategies, and programming methods associated with this type of machining center. 2. Optimize Tool PathsTo fully harness the potential of a Five-Axis Machining Center, it’s crucial to optimize your tool paths. Make use of CAM software with advanced programming capabilities to generate efficient and smooth tool paths that minimize rapid movements and reduce cycle times. Experiment with different strategies such as adaptive roughing, high-speed machining, and rest machining to achieve optimal results. 3. Proper Workpiece SetupAchieving precision in machining highly depends on proper workpiece setup. Ensure that the workpiece is securely clamped in place, eliminating any chances of movement or vibration during machining. Utilize advanced fixturing techniques and consider soft jaws or custom fixtures to accommodate complex geometries, allowing for accurate and reliable machining. 4. Utilize the Full Range of MotionMake the most of the range of motion offered by a Five-Axis Machining Center. Rotate the workpiece in multiple axes to access hard-to-reach features and eliminate the need for complex setups and multiple machining operations. This flexibility reduces cycle times and increases overall efficiency. 5. Implement Tool and Machine MonitoringTo ensure uninterrupted machining operations and prevent potential issues, consider implementing tool and machine monitoring systems. These systems can detect tool wear, tool breakage, and machine faults in real-time, allowing for timely intervention. Regular maintenance and calibration of the machine are also essential to ensure its optimal performance. 6. Continuous Learning and ImprovementThe field of CNC machining is constantly evolving, and there is always something new to learn. Stay updated with the latest advancements, industry trends, and best practices related to Five-Axis Machining Centers. Attend workshops, seminars, and webinars to expand your knowledge and continuously improve your skills. In conclusion, by following these tips and tricks, you can enhance the performance of your Five-Axis Machining Center CNC Machining YS650-5AX. Keep exploring new techniques, pushing the boundaries, and adapting to the ever-changing landscape of CNC machining to excel in your field. Maximize the potential of this powerful technology and take your manufacturing capabilities to new heights.

EPR (Electron Paramagnetic Resonance) Spectroscopy, also known as Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy, is a versatile analytical technique used to study materials containing unpaired electrons. Through careful manipulation of the electron spins EPR spectroscopy can provide valuable insights into molecular structure, dynamics, and electronic properties. In this blog post, we will delve into the advantages of EPR spectroscopy and its wide range of applications.   Highly sensitive detection: EPR spectroscopy is extremely sensitive and can detect and characterize paramagnetic species even at very low concentrations. It can identify and quantify trace amounts of free radicals, transition metal ions, and unstable molecular species. This sensitivity makes EPR spectroscopy an invaluable tool for the study of a variety of biological processes such as oxidative stress, enzyme reactions, and DNA damage, as well as for materials research in areas such as physics and materials science.   Structural Information: EPR spectroscopy provides valuable information about the structure and environment of paramagnetic species. By measuring the g-factor (a dimensionless number representing the spin behavior of electrons) and hyperfine splitting (resulting from electron-nucleus interactions), researchers can infer the electronic structure, bond distances, coordination environments, and magnetic properties of the substance under study. This structural insight is essential for understanding chemical reaction mechanisms and for designing and optimizing catalysts and materials with specific properties.   Dynamic process studies: EPR spectroscopy can study dynamic processes in a variety of systems. For example, it can probe the motion and dynamics of spin-labeled biomolecules and is used to study protein folding, membrane dynamics, and enzyme dynamics. By monitoring changes in the EPR signal over time, researchers can gain insight into reaction rates, conformational changes, and molecular interactions. The ability to study dynamic processes in real-time makes EPR an important tool in biochemistry and biophysics.   Non-destructive and versatile: EPR spectroscopy is a non-destructive technique that allows researchers to study samples without altering their integrity or composition. This advantage is particularly important when studying fragile biological samples, where it is critical to maintain the integrity of the sample. In addition, EPR spectroscopy is versatile and applicable to many types of samples, including liquid, solid, gas and biological samples. This versatility allows researchers to address a wide range of scientific questions in different disciplines.   Complementary Techniques: EPR spectroscopy is often used in conjunction with other analytical techniques such as NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry. These complementary techniques allow researchers to correlate structural, electronic, and magnetic information to gain a more complete understanding of chemical systems. By combining EPR spectroscopy with other methods, researchers can characterize complex materials and biomolecules in greater detail and with greater reliability.   EPR spectroscopy plays a vital role in modern scientific research, providing unique insights into the structure, dynamics, and properties of paramagnetic species. Its sensitivity, ability to provide structural information, and non-destructive nature make it an indispensable tool in a wide range of scientific disciplines. Through the continued advancement and application of EPR spectroscopy, we can deepen our understanding of the natural world and devise innovative solutions to complex challenges in fields as diverse as chemistry, biology, and materials science.   CIQTEK is a leading EPR spectrometer global manufacturer. Its EPR equipment offers high performance at a competitive price, making it an ideal choice for scientists. Website: https://www.ciqtekglobal.com/   Here are some key advantages of CIQTEK's EPR spectrometers:   1. Affordable Solutions: CIQTEK aims to provide cost-effective EPR spectroscopy equipment without compromising quality. They offer different pricing options to suit various budgets, ensuring researchers get value for their investment. 2. Customizable Configurations: CIQTEK offers flexible EPR instrument setups, which can be tailored to meet specific experimental requirements. Researchers can customize features such as temperature control, multi-frequency capability, advanced spectroscopic techniques (ELDOR and HYSCORE), and compatibility with different sample types (liquids, solids, and biological materials). 3. User-Friendly Interface: CIQTEK's instruments are equipped with intuitive software interfaces, designed to be user-friendly for researchers of all experience levels. 4. Exceptional Customer Support: CIQTEK prioritizes customer satisfaction, providing excellent post-sales support. This includes comprehensive training resources, technical assistance, and access to customer stories and publications, showcasing their global EPR community.  

High-performance lithium copper foil is one of the key materials for lithium-ion batteries and is closely related to battery performance. With the increasing demand for higher capacity, higher density, and faster charging in electronic devices and new energy vehicles, the requirements for battery materials have also been raised. In order to achieve better battery performance, it is necessary to improve the overall technical indicators of lithium copper foil, including its surface quality, physical properties, stability, and uniformity.   Analysis of microstructure using scanning electron microscope-EBSD technique   In materials science, the composition and microstructure determine the mechanical properties. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is a commonly used scientific instrument for the surface characterization of materials, allowing observation of the surface morphology of copper foil and the distribution of grains. In addition, Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) is a widely used characterization technique for analyzing the microstructure of metallic materials. By configuring an EBSD detector on a field-emission scanning electron microscope, researchers can establish the relationship between processing, microstructure, and mechanical properties.   The figure below shows the surface morphology of electrolytic copper foil captured by the CIQTEK Field-emission SEM5000   Copper Foil Smooth Surface/2kV/ETD Copper Foil Matte Surface/2kV/ETD When the sample surface is sufficiently flat, electron channel contrast imaging (ECCI) can be obtained using the SEM backscatter detector. The electron channeling effect refers to a significant reduction in the reflection of electrons from crystal lattice points when the incident electron beam satisfies the Bragg diffraction condition, allowing many electrons to penetrate the lattice and exhibit a "channeling" effect. Therefore, for polished flat polycrystalline materials, the intensity of backscatter electrons depends on the relative orientation between the incident electron beam and the crystal planes. Grains with larger misorientation will yield stronger backscattered electron signals and higher contrast, enabling the qualitative determination of grain orientation distribution through ECCI.   The advantage of ECCI lies in its ability to observe a larger area on the sample surface. Therefore, before EBSD acquisition, ECCI imaging can be used for rapid macroscopic characterization of the microstructure on the sample surface, including observation of grain size, crystallographic orientation, deformation zones, etc. Then, EBSD technology can be used to set the appropriate scanning area and step size for crystallographic orientation calibration in the regions of interest. The combination of EBSD and ECCI fully utilizes the advantages of crystallographic orientation imaging techniques in materials research.   By using ion beam cross-section polishing technology, CIQTEK obtains flat copper foil cross-sections that fully meet the requirements for ECCI imaging and EBSD analysis on scanning electron microscopes.   The figure below shows the characterization of electrolytic copper foil using the CIQTEK Field-emission SEM5000   Electrolytic Copper Foil Cross-Section ECCI Image Electrolytic Copper Foil Cross-Section Orientation Distribution EBSD technology can not only characterize the grain size and dimensions but also reveal information about the material's texture type, grain boundary proportion, etc. By studying the microstructural evolution of electrolytic copper foil through ion beam sample preparation combined with SEM and EBSD techniques, it is of great significance to evaluate the differences in processing effects, further optimize the electrochemical properties of materials, improve battery cycle life, and even promote the development of lithium-ion battery technology.

Application of TCT Temperature Cycle Chamber in Optical Communication Industry The arrival of 5G makes people feel the rapid development of mobile Internet, and optical communication technology as an important basis has also been developed. At present, China has built the world's longest optical fiber network, and with the continuous advancement of 5G technology, optical communication technology will be more widely used. The development of optical communication technology not only allows people to enjoy faster network speed, but also brings more opportunities and challenges. For example, new applications such as cloud gaming, VR, and AR require more stable and high-speed networks, and optical communication technology can meet these needs. At the same time, optical communication technology has also brought more innovation opportunities, such as intelligent medical care, intelligent manufacturing and other fields, will use optical communication technology to achieve more efficient and accurate operation. But you know what? This amazing technology cannot be achieved without the credit of macro environmental test equipment, especially the TC temperature cycle test chamber, which is a rapid temperature change test chamber. This article introduces you to the optical communication product reliability test quality manager - rapid temperature change laboratory. First, let's talk briefly about optical communication. Some people also say that it is called optical communication, so they are two in the end is not a concept. In fact, they are two of the same concept. Optical communication is the use of optical signals for communication technology, and optical communication is based on optical communication, through optical devices such as optical fibers, optical cables to achieve data transmission. Optical communication technology is widely used, such as our daily use of fiber optic broadband, mobile phone optical sensors, optical measurement in aerospace and so on. It can be said that optical communication has become an important part of modern communication field. So why is optical communication so popular? In fact, it has many advantages, such as high-speed transmission, large bandwidth, low loss and so on. Common optical communication products include: optical cable, fiber switch, fiber modem, etc., used to transmit and receive optical signals of optical fiber communication equipment; Temperature sensor, strain sensor, displacement sensor, etc., can measure various physical quantities in real time and other optical fiber sensors; Erbium-doped optical amplifier, erbium-doped ytterbium-doped optical amplifier, Raman amplifier, etc., used to expand the intensity of optical signals and other optical amplifiers; Helium-neon laser, diode laser, fiber laser, etc., are light sources in optical communication, used to produce high brightness, directional and coherent laser light and other lasers; Photodetectors, optical limiter, photodiodes, etc., for receiving optical signals and converting them into electrical signals and other optical receivers; Optical switches, optical modulators, programmable optical arrays, etc. are used to control and adjust optical signal transmission and routing and other optical controllers. Let's take mobile phones as an example and talk about the application of optical communication products on mobile phones: 1. Optical fiber: Optical fiber is generally used as a part of the communication line, due to its fast transmission speed, communication signals are not easily affected by external interference and other characteristics, has become an important part of mobile phone communication. 2. Photoelectric converter/optical module: photoelectric converter and optical module are devices that convert optical signals into electrical signals, and are also a very important part of mobile phone communication. In the era of high-speed communication such as 4G and 5G, the speed and performance of such equipment need to be continuously improved to meet the needs of fast and stable communication. 3. Camera module: In the mobile phone, the camera module generally includes CCD, CMOS, optical lens and other parts, and its quality and performance also have a significant impact on the quality of optical communication of the mobile phone. 4. Display: Mobile phone displays generally use OLED, AMOLED and other technologies, the principle of these technologies are related to optics, but also an important part of mobile phone optical communication. 5. Light sensor: Light sensor is mainly used in mobile phones for environmental light sensing, proximity sensing and gesture sensing, and is also an important mobile phone optical communication product. It can be said that optical communication products fill all aspects of our life and work. However, the production and use environment of optical communication products is often changeable, such as high or low temperature weather environment when working outdoors, or the use of a long time will also encounter changes in thermal expansion and contraction. So how is the reliable use of these products achieved? That has to mention our protagonist today - rapid temperature change test chamber, also known as TC box in the optical communication industry. In order to ensure that optical communication products still work normally under various environmental conditions, it is necessary to carry out rapid temperature change tests on optical communication products. The rapid temperature change test chamber can simulate a variety of different temperature and humidity environments, and simulate instantaneous extreme environmental changes in the real world within a rapid range. So how is the rapid temperature change test chamber applied in the optical communication industry? 1. Optical module performance test: Optical module is a key component of optical communication, such as optical transceiver, optical amplifier, optical switch, etc. The rapid temperature change test chamber can simulate different temperature environments and test the performance of the optical module at different temperatures to evaluate its adaptability and reliability. 2. Reliability test of optical devices: optical devices include optical fibers, optical sensors, grating, photonic crystals, photodiodes, etc. The rapid temperature change test chamber can test the temperature change of these optical devices and evaluate their reliability and life based on the test results. 3. Optical communication system simulation test: The rapid temperature change test chamber can simulate various environmental conditions in the optical communication system, such as temperature, humidity, vibration, etc., to test the performance, reliability and stability of the entire system. 4. Technology research and development: The optical communication industry is a technology-intensive industry, which needs to constantly develop new technologies and new products. The rapid temperature change test chamber can be used to test the performance and reliability of new products, helping to accelerate the development and market of new products. In summary, it can be seen that in the optical communication industry, the rapid temperature change test chamber is usually used to test the performance and reliability of optical modules and optical devices. Then when we use the rapid temperature change test chamber for testing, different optical communication products may require different standards. The following are rapid temperature change test standards for some common optical communication products: 1. Optical fiber: Common test standards There are common optical fiber rapid temperature change test standards are the following: IEC 61300-2-22: The standard defines the stability and durability test method of optical fiber components, section 4.3 of which specifies the thermal stability test method of optical fiber components, in the case of rapid temperature changes to the optical fiber components for measurement and evaluation. GR-326-CORE: This standard specifies reliability test requirements for fiber optic connectors and adapters, including thermal stability tests to assess the reliability of fiber optic connectors and adapters in temperature changing environments. GR-468-CORE: This standard defines the performance specifications and test methods for fiber optic connectors, including temperature cycle testing, accelerated aging testing, etc., to verify the reliability and stability of fiber optic connectors under various environmental conditions. ASTM F2181: This standard defines a method for fiber failure testing under high temperature and high humidity environmental conditions to evaluate the long-term durability of the fiber. And the above standards such as GB/T 2423.22-2012 are tested and evaluated for the reliability of optical fiber in rapid temperature changes or long-term high temperature and high humidity environments, which can help the majority of manufacturers to ensure the quality and reliability of optical fiber products. 2. Photoelectric converter/optical module: The common rapid temperature change test standards are GB/T 2423.22-2012, GR-468-CORE, EIA/TIA-455-14 and IEEE 802.3. These standards mainly cover the test methods and specific implementation steps of photoelectric converters/optical modules, which can ensure the performance and reliability of products in different temperature environments. Among them, the GR-468-CORE standard is specifically for the reliability requirements of optical converters and optical modules, including temperature cycle test, wet heat test and other environmental tests, requiring optical converters and optical modules to maintain stable and reliable performance in long-term use. 3. Optical sensor: The common rapid temperature change test standards are GB/T 27726-2011, IEC 61300-2-43 and IEC 61300-2-6. These standards mainly cover the test methods and specific implementation steps of the temperature change test of the optical sensor, which can ensure the performance and reliability of the product in different temperature environments. Among them, the GB/T 27726-2011 standard is the standard for the performance test method of optical sensors in China, including the environmental test method of optical fiber sensors, which requires the optical sensor to maintain stable performance in a variety of working environments. IEC 60749-15 standard is the international standard for the temperature cycle test of electronic components, and it also has reference value for the rapid temperature change test of optical sensors. 4. Laser: Common rapid temperature change test standards are GB/T 2423.22-2012 "Electrical and electronic products environmental test Part 2: Test Nb: temperature cycle test", GB/T 2423.38-2002 "Basic test methods for electrical components Part 38: Temperature resistance test (IEC 60068-2-2), GB/T 13979-2009 "Laser product Performance test method", IEC 60825-1, IEC/TR 61282-10 and other standards mainly cover the laser temperature change test method and specific implementation steps. It can ensure the performance and reliability of products in different temperature environments. Among them, the GB/T 13979-2009 standard is the standard for the performance test method of laser products in China, including the environmental test method of the laser under temperature changes, requiring the laser to maintain stable performance in a variety of working environments. The IEC 60825-1 standard is a specification for the integrity of laser products, and there are also relevant provisions for the rapid temperature change test of lasers. In addition, the IEC/TR 61282-10 standard is one of the guidelines for the design of optical fiber communication systems, which includes methods for the environmental protection of lasers. 5. Optical controller: The common fast temperature change test standards are GR-1209-CORE and GR-1221-CORE. GR-1209-CORE is a reliability standard for optical fiber equipment, mainly for the reliability test of optical connections, and specifies the reliability experiment of optical connection systems. Among them, the rapid temperature cycle (FTC) is one of the test projects, which is to test the reliability of optical fiber modules under rapidly changing temperature conditions. During the test, the optical controller needs to perform temperature cycling in the range of -40 ° C to 85 ° C. During the temperature cycle, the module should maintain normal function and not produce abnormal output, and the test time is 100 temperature cycles. GR-1221-CORE is a reliability standard for fiber optic passive devices and is suitable for the testing of passive devices. Among them, the temperature cycle test is one of the test items, which also requires the optical controller to be tested in the range of -40 ° C to 85 ° C, and the test time is 100 cycles. Both of these standards specify the reliability test of the optical controller in the environment of temperature change, which can determine the stability and reliability of the optical controller under harsh environmental conditions. In general, different rapid temperature change test standards may focus on different test parameters and test methods, it is recommended to choose the corresponding test standards according to the use of specific products. Recently, when we discuss the reliability verification of optical modules, there is a contradictory indicator, the number of temperature cycles of optical module verification, there are 10 times, and 20 times, 100 times, or even 500 times. Frequency definitions in two industry standards: The references to these standards have clear sources and are correct. For the 5G forward optical module, our opinion is that the number of cycles is 500, and the temperature is set at -40 °C ~85 °C The following is the description of the 10/20/100/500 above in the original text of GR-468(2004) Because of the limited space, this article introduces the use of rapid temperature change test chamber in the optical communication industry. If you have any questions when using rapid temperature change test chamber and other environmental test equipment, welcome to discuss with us and learn together.

IEC 60068-2 Combined Condensation and Temperature and Humidity Test In the IEC60068-2 specification, there are a total of five kinds of humid heat tests. In addition to the common 85℃/85%R.H., 40℃/93%R.H. fixed-point high temperature and high humidity, there are two more special tests [IEC60068-2-30, IEC60068-2-38], they are alternating wet and humid cycle and temperature and humidity combined cycle, so the test process will change temperature and humidity. Even multiple groups of program links and cycles applied in IC semiconductors, parts, equipment, etc. To simulate the outdoor condensation phenomenon, evaluate the material's ability to prevent water and gas diffusion, and accelerate the product's tolerance to deterioration, the five specifications are organized into a comparison table of the differences in the wet and heat test specifications, and the main points of the test are explained in detail for the wet and heat combined cycle test, and the test conditions and points of GJB in the wet and heat test are supplemented. IEC60068-2-30 alternating humid heat cycle test Note: This test uses the test technique of maintaining humidity and temperature alternations to make moisture permeate into the sample and produce condensation (condensation) on the surface of the product to confirm the adaptability of the component, equipment or other products in use, transportation and storage under the combination of high humidity and temperature and humidity cycle changes. This specification is also suitable for large test samples. If the equipment and the test process need to keep the power heating components for this test, the effect will be better than IEC60068-2-38, the high temperature used in this test has two (40 °C, 55 °C), the 40 °C is to meet most of the world's high temperature environment, while 55 °C meets all the world's high temperature environment, the test conditions are also divided into [cycle 1, cycle 2], In terms of severity, [Cycle 1] is higher than [Cycle 2]. Suitable for side products: components, equipment, various types of products to be tested Test environment: the combination of high humidity and temperature cyclic changes produces condensation, and three kinds of environments can be tested [use, storage, transportation ([packaging is optional)] Test stress: Breathing causes water vapor to invade Whether power is available: Yes Not suitable for: parts that are too light and too small Test process and post-test inspection and observation: check the electrical changes after moisture [do not take out the intermediate inspection] Test conditions: humidity: 95% R.H. warming] after [humidity maintain (25 + 3 ℃ low temperature - - high temperature 40 ℃ or 55 ℃) Rising and cooling rate: heating (0.14℃/min), cooling (0.08~0.16℃/min) Cycle 1: Where absorption and respiratory effects are important features, the test sample is more complex [humidity not less than 90%R.H] Cycle 2: In the case of less obvious absorption and respiratory effects, the test sample is simpler [humidity is not less than 80%R.H.] IEC60068-2-30 Alternating temperature and humid test (condensation test) Note: For component types of parts products, a combination test method is used to accelerate the confirmation of the test sample's tolerance to degradation under high temperature, high humidity and low temperature conditions. This test method is different from the product defects caused by respiration [dew, moisture absorption] of IEC60068-2-30. The severity of this test is higher than that of other humid heat cycle tests, because there are more temperature changes and [respiration] during the test, and the cycle temperature range is larger [from 55℃ to 65℃]. The temperature variation rate of the temperature cycle also becomes faster [temperature rise :0.14℃/min becomes 0.38℃/min, 0.08℃/min becomes 1.16 ℃/min]. In addition, different from the general humid heat cycle, the low temperature cycle condition of -10℃ is increased, which accelerates the breathing rate and makes the water condensing in the gap of the substitute icing. Is the characteristic of this test specification, the test process allows power and load power test, but can not affect the test conditions (temperature and humidity fluctuation, rising and cooling rate) because of the heating of the side product after power, due to the change of temperature and humidity during the test process, but the top of the test chamber can not condenses water droplets to the side product. Suitable for side products: components, metal components sealing, lead end sealing Test environment: combination of high temperature, high humidity and low temperature conditions Test stress: accelerated breathing + frozen water Whether it can be powered on: it can be powered on and external electric load (it can not affect the conditions of the test chamber because of power heating) Not applicable: Can not replace moist heat and alternating humid heat, this test is used to produce defects different from respiration Test process and post-test inspection and observation: check the electrical changes after moisture [check under high humidity conditions and take out after test] Test conditions: damp temperature and humidity cycle (25 ↔ 65 + 2 ° C / 93 + 3% r.h.) - low temperature cycle (25 ↔ 65 + 2 ℃ / 93 + 3% r.h. -- 10 + 2 ° C) X5 cycle = 10 cycle Rising and cooling rate: heating (0.38℃/min), cooling (1.16 °C/min) GJB150-o9 humid heat test Description: The wet and heat test of GJB150-09 is to confirm the ability of equipment to withstand the influence of hot and humid atmosphere, suitable for equipment stored and used in hot and humid environment, equipment prone to high humidity storage or use, or equipment may have potential problems related to heat and humidity. Hot and humid locations may occur throughout the year in tropical areas, seasonal occurrences in mid-latitudes, and in equipment subjected to comprehensive changes in pressure, temperature and humidity. The specification specifically emphasizes 60 ° C /95%R.H. This high temperature and humidity does not occur in nature, nor does it simulate the humid and thermal effect after solar radiation, but it can find potential problems in the equipment. However, it is not possible to reproduce complex temperature and humidity environments, assess long-term effects, and reproduce humidity effects associated with low humidity environments.  

IEC 60068-2   Instructions: IEC(International Electrotechnical Association) is the world's oldest non-governmental international electrical standardization organization, for the people's livelihood of the electronic products to develop relevant test specifications and methods, such as: mainframe board, notebook computers, tablets, smartphones, LCD screens, game consoles... The main spirit of its test is extended from IEC, the main representative of which is IEC60068-2, environmental test conditions its [environmental test] refers to the sample exposed to natural and artificial environments, but the performance of its actual use, transportation and storage conditions are evaluated. The environmental test of the sample can be uniform and linear through the use of standardized standards. Environmental testing can simulate whether the product can adapt to environmental changes (temperature, humidity, vibration, temperature change, temperature shock, salt spray, dust) at different stages (storage, transport, use). And verify that the characteristics and quality of the product itself will not be affected by it, low temperature, high temperature, temperature impact can produce mechanical stress, this stress makes the test sample more sensitive to the subsequent test, impact, vibration can produce mechanical stress, this stress can make the sample immediately damaged, air pressure, alternating humid heat, constant humid heat, corrosion application of these tests and can be continued thermal and mechanical stress test effects. Important IEC specification sharing: IEC69968-2-1- Cold Test purpose: To test the ability of automotive components, equipment or other component products to operate and store at low temperatures. Test methods are divided into: 1.Aa: Temperature sudden change method for non-thermal specimens 2.Ab: Temperature gradient method for non-thermal specimens 3.Ad: Temperature gradient method of thermogenic specimen Note: Aa: 1. Static test (without power supply). 2. First cool down to the specified temperature of the specification before placing the test part. 3. After stability, the temperature difference of each point on the specimen does not exceed ±3℃. 4. After the test is completed, the specimen is placed under standard atmospheric pressure until the fog is completely removed: no voltage is added to the specimen during the transfer process. 5. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). Ab: 1. Static test (without power supply). 2. The specimen is placed in the cabinet at room temperature, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature does not exceed 1℃ per minute. 3. The specimen shall be kept in the cabinet after the test, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature shall not exceed 1℃ per minute to return to the standard atmospheric pressure; The specimen should not be charged during temperature change. 4. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). (The difference between the temperature and the air temperature is more than 5℃). Ac: 1. Dynamic test (plus power supply) when the temperature of the specimen is stable after charging, the temperature of the specimen surface is the most hot spot. 2. The specimen is placed in the cabinet at room temperature, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature does not exceed 1℃ per minute. 3. The specimen should be kept in the cabinet after the test, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature should not exceed 1℃ per minute, and return to the standard atmospheric pressure; The specimen should not be charged during temperature change. 4. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). Test conditions: 1. Temperature :-65,-55,-40,-25,-10,-5,+5°C 2. Resident time :2/16/72/96 hours. 3. Temperature variation rate: no more than 1℃ per minute. 4. Tolerance error :+3°C. Test setup: 1. Heat generating specimens should be placed in the center of the test cabinet and the wall of the cabinet > 15cm Sample to specimen > 15cm test cabinet to test volume ratio > 5:1. 2. For heat-generating specimens, if air convection is used, the flow rate should be kept to a minimum. 3. The specimen should be unpacked, and the fixture should have the characteristics of high heat conduction.   IEC 60068-2-2- Dry heat Test purpose: To test the ability of components, equipment or other component products to operate and store in high temperature environments. The test method is: 1. Ba: Temperature sudden change method for non-thermal specimens 2.Bb: Temperature gradient method for non-thermal specimens 3.Bc: Temperature sudden change method for thermogenic specimens 4.Bd: Temperature gradient method for thermogenic specimens Note: Ba: 1. Static test (without power supply). 2. First cool down to the specified temperature of the specification before placing the test part. 3. After stability, the temperature difference of each point on the specimen does not exceed +5℃. 4. After the test is completed, place the specimen under standard atmospheric pressure and return to the original condition (at least 1hr). Bb: 1. Static test (without power supply). 2. The specimen is placed in the cabinet at room temperature, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature does not exceed 1℃ per minute, and the temperature is reduced to the temperature value specified in the specification. 3. The specimen shall be kept in the cabinet after the test, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature shall not exceed 1℃ per minute to return to the standard atmospheric pressure; The specimen should not be charged during temperature change. 4. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). Bc: 1. Dynamic test (external power supply) When the temperature of the specimen is stable after charging, the difference between the temperature of the hottest spot on the surface of the specimen and the air temperature is more than 5℃. 2. Heat up to the specified temperature of the specification before placing the test part. 3. After stability, the temperature difference of each point on the specimen does not exceed +5℃. 4. After the test is completed, the specimen will be placed under the standard atmospheric pressure, and the measurement will be carried out after the original condition is returned (at least 1hr). 5. The average temperature of the decimal point on the plane of 0~50mm on the bottom surface of the specimen. Bd: 1. Dynamic test (external power supply) when the temperature of the specimen is stable after charging, the temperature of the most hot spot on the surface of the specimen is more than 5°C different from the air temperature. 2. The specimen is placed in the cabinet at room temperature, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature does not exceed 1℃ per minute, and rises to the specified temperature value. 3. Return to standard atmospheric pressure; The specimen should not be charged during temperature change. 4. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). Test conditions: 1. The temperature 1000,800,630,500,400,315,250,200,175,155,125,100,85,70,55,40,30 ℃. 1. Resident time: 2/16/72/96 hours. 2. Temperature variation rate: no more than 1℃ per minute. (Average in 5 minutes) 3. Tolerance error: tolerance of ±2℃ below 200℃. (200~1000℃ tolerance ±2%)   IEC 60068-2-2- Test method Ca: Steady damp heat 1. Test purpose: The purpose of this test method is to determine the adaptability of components, equipment or other products to operation and storage at constant temperature and high relative humidity. Step 2: Scope This test method can be applied to both heat-dissipating and non-heat-dissipating specimens. 3. No limits 4. Test steps: 4.1 Specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications before testing. 4.2 The test specimen must be placed in the test cabinet in accordance with the relevant specifications. In order to avoid the formation of water droplets on the test specimen after it is placed in the cabinet, it is best to preheat the temperature of the test specimen to the temperature condition in the test cabinet in advance. 4.3 The specimen shall be insulated in accordance with the specified residence. 4.4 If specified in the relevant specifications, functional tests and measurements shall be performed during or after the test, and the functional tests shall be performed in accordance with the cycle required in the specifications, and the test pieces shall not be moved out of the test cabinet. 4.5 After the test, the specimen must be placed under standard atmospheric conditions for at least one hour and at most two hours to return to its original condition. Depending on the characteristics of the specimen or the different laboratory energy, the specimen can be removed or retained in the test cabinet to wait for recovery, if you want to remove the time to be as short as possible, preferably not more than five minutes, if maintained in the cabinet the humidity must be reduced to 73% to 77% R.H. within 30 minutes, while the temperature must also reach the laboratory temperature within 30 minutes +1℃ range. 5. Test conditions 5.1 Test temperature: The temperature in the test cabinet should be controlled within the range of 40+2°C. 5.2 Relative humidity: The humidity in the test cabinet should be controlled at 93(+2/-3)% R.H. Within the range. 5.3 Resident time: The resident time can be 4 days, 10 days, 21 days or 56 days. 5.4 Test tolerance: temperature tolerance is +2℃, error of packet content measurement, slow change of temperature and temperature difference in the temperature cabinet. However, in order to facilitate the maintenance of humidity within a certain range, the temperature of any two points in the test cabinet should be maintained within the minimum range as far as possible at any time. If the temperature difference exceeds 1 ° C, the humidity changes beyond the permissible range. Therefore, even short-term temperature changes may need to be controlled within 1 ° C. 6. Test setup 6.1 Temperature and humidity sensing devices must be installed in the test cabinet to monitor the temperature and humidity in the cabinet. 6.2 There shall be no condensation water droplets on the test specimen at the top or wall of the test cabinet. 6.3 The condensed water in the test cabinet must be discharged continuously and shall not be used again unless it is purified (re-purifed). 6.4 When the humidity in the test cabinet is achieved by spraying water into the test cabinet, the moisture resistance coefficient shall not be less than 500Ω. 7. Other 7.1 The temperature and humidity conditions in the test cabinet must be uniform and similar to those in the vicinity of the temperature and humidity sensor. 7.2 The temperature and humidity conditions in the test cabinet shall not be changed during the power-on or functional test of the specimen. 7.3 Precautions to be taken when removing moisture from the specimen surface shall be detailed in the relevant specifications.   IEC 68-2-14 Test method N: Temperature variation 1. Test purpose The purpose of this test method is to determine the effect of the specimen on the environment of temperature change or continuous temperature change. Step 2: Scope This test method can be divided into: Test method Na: Rapid temperature change within a specified time Test method Nb: Temperature change at specified temperature variability Test method Nc: Rapid temperature change by double liquid immersion method. The first two items apply to components, equipment or other products, and the third item applies to glass-metal seals and similar products. Step 3 Limit This test method does not validate high or low temperature environmental effects, and if such conditions are to be validated, "IEC68-2-1 test Method A:" cold "or "IEC 60068-2-2 Test Method B: dry heat" should be used. 4. Test procedure 4.1 Test method Na: Rapid temperature change in a specific time 4.1.1 Specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications before testing. 4.1.2 The specimen type shall be unpacked, unpowered and ready for use or other conditions specified in relevant specifications. The initial condition of the specimen was room temperature in the laboratory. 4.1.3 Adjust the temperature of the two temperature cabinets respectively to the specified high and low temperature conditions. 4.1.4 Place the specimen in the low-temperature cabinet and keep it warm according to the specified residence time. 4.1.5 Move the specimen into the high-temperature cabinet and keep it warm according to the specified residence time. 4.1.6 The transfer time of high and low temperature shall be subject to the test conditions. 4.1.7 Repeat the procedure of Steps 4.1.4 and 4.1.5 four times 4.1.8 After the test, the specimen should be placed under standard atmospheric conditions and kept for a certain time to make the specimen reach temperature stability. The response time shall refer to the relevant regulations. 4.1.9 After the test, the specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications. 4.2 Test method Nb: Temperature change at a specific temperature variability 4.2.1 The specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications before testing. 4.2.2 Place the test piece in the temperature cabinet. The shape of the test piece should be unpacked, unpowered and ready for use or other conditions specified in relevant specifications. The initial condition of the specimen was room temperature in the laboratory. The specimen can be made operational if required by the relevant specification. 4.2.3 The temperature of the cabinet shall be lowered to the prescribed low temperature condition, and the insulation shall be carried out according to the prescribed residence time 4.2.4 The temperature of the cabinet shall be raised to the specified high temperature condition, and heat preservation shall be carried out according to the specified residence time 4.2.5 The temperature variability of high and low temperature shall be subject to the test conditions. 4.2.6 Repeat the procedure in Steps 4.2.3 and 4.2.4: Electrical and mechanical tests shall be performed during the test. Record the time used for electrical and mechanical testing. After the test, the specimen should be placed under standard atmospheric conditions and kept for a certain time to make the specimen reach the temperature stability recovery time referred to the relevant specifications. After the test, the specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with the relevant specifications 5. Test conditions Test conditions can be selected by the following appropriate temperature conditions and test time or in accordance with the relevant specifications, 5.1 Test method Na: Rapid temperature change in a specific time High temperature: 1000800630500400315250200175155125100,85,70,55,4030 ° C Low temperature :-65,-55,-40,-25.-10.-5 °C Humidity: Vapor content per cubic meter of air should be less than 20 grams (equivalent to 50% relative humidity at 35 ° C). Residence time: The temperature adjustment time of the temperature cabinet can be 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes or 10 minutes, if there is no provision, it is set to 3 hours. After the test piece is placed in the temperature cabinet, the temperature adjustment time cannot exceed one-tenth of the residence time. Transfer time: manual 2~3 minutes, automatic less than 30 seconds, small specimen less than 10 seconds. Number of cycles :5 cycles. Test tolerance: The tolerance of temperature below 200℃ is +2℃ The tolerance of the temperature between 250 and 1000C is +2% of the test temperature. If the size of the temperature cabinet cannot meet the above tolerance requirements, the tolerance can be relaxed: the tolerance of the temperature below 100 ° C is ±3 ° C, and the tolerance of the temperature between 100 and 200 ° C is ±5 ° C (the tolerance relaxation should be indicated in the report). 5.2 Test method Nb: Temperature change at a specific temperature variability High temperature: 1000800630500400315250200175155125100,85,70 55403 0 'C Low temperature :-65,-55,-40,-25,-10,-5,5℃ Humidity: Vapor per cubic meter of air should be less than 20 grams (equivalent to 50% relative humidity at 35 ° C) Residence time: including rising and cooling time can be 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes or 10 minutes, if there is no provision, set to 3 hours. Temperature variability: The average temperature fluctuation of the temperature cabinet within 5 minutes is 1+0.2 ° C /min, 3+0.6 ° C /min, or 5+1 ° C /min. Number of cycles :2 cycles. Test tolerance: The tolerance of temperature below 200℃ is +2℃. The tolerance of the temperature between 250 and 1000℃C is +2% of the test temperature. If the size of the temperature cabinet cannot meet the above tolerance requirements, the tolerance can be relaxed. The tolerance of the temperature below 100 ° C is +3 ° C. The temperature between 100 ° C and 200 ° C is +5 ° C. (The tolerance relaxation should be indicated in the report). 6. Test setup 6.1 Test method Na: Rapid temperature change in a specific time The difference between the inner wall temperature of the high and low temperature cabinets and the temperature test specifications shall not exceed 3% and 8%(shown in °K) respectively to avoid thermal radiation problems. The thermogenic specimen should be placed in the center of the test cabinet as far as possible, and the distance between the specimen and the cabinet wall, the specimen and the specimen should be greater than 10 cm, and the ratio of the volume of the temperature cabinet and the specimen should be greater than 5:1. 6.2 Test method Nb: Temperature change at a specific temperature variability Specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications before testing. The specimen shall be in unpacked, unpowered and ready for use condition or other conditions specified in relevant specifications. The initial condition of the specimen was room temperature in the laboratory. Adjust the temperature of the two temperature cabinets respectively to the specified high and low temperature conditions The specimen is placed in a low-temperature cabinet and kept warm according to the specified residence time The specimen is placed in a high temperature cabinet and insulated according to the specified residence time. The transfer time of high and low temperature shall be performed according to the test conditions. Repeat the procedure of steps d and e four times. After the test, the specimen should be placed under standard atmospheric conditions and kept for a certain time to make the specimen reach the temperature stability recovery time referred to the relevant specifications. After the test, the specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with the relevant specifications 6.3 Test method NC: Rapid temperature change of double liquid soaking method The liquid used in the test shall be compatible with the specimen and shall not harm the specimen. 7. Others 7.1 Test method Na: Rapid temperature change in a specific time When the specimen is placed in the temperature cabinet, the temperature and air flow rate in the cabinet must reach the specified temperature specification and tolerance within one-tenth of the holding time. The air in the cabinet must be maintained in a circle, and the air flow rate near the specimen must not be less than 2 meters per second (2m/s). If the specimen is transferred from the high or low temperature cabinet, the holding time cannot be completed for some reason, it will stay in the previous holding state (preferably at low temperature). 7.2 Test method Nb: The air in the cabinet must be maintained in a circle at a specific temperature variability, and the air flow rate near the specimen must not be less than 2 meters per second (2m/s). 7.3 Test method NC: Rapid temperature change of double liquid soaking method When the specimen is immersed in the liquid, it can be quickly transferred between the two containers, and the liquid cannot be stirred.