IEC 60068-2 Combined Condensation and Temperature and Humidity Test In the IEC60068-2 specification, there are a total of five kinds of humid heat tests. In addition to the common 85℃/85%R.H., 40℃/93%R.H. fixed-point high temperature and high humidity, there are two more special tests [IEC60068-2-30, IEC60068-2-38], they are alternating wet and humid cycle and temperature and humidity combined cycle, so the test process will change temperature and humidity. Even multiple groups of program links and cycles applied in IC semiconductors, parts, equipment, etc. To simulate the outdoor condensation phenomenon, evaluate the material's ability to prevent water and gas diffusion, and accelerate the product's tolerance to deterioration, the five specifications are organized into a comparison table of the differences in the wet and heat test specifications, and the main points of the test are explained in detail for the wet and heat combined cycle test, and the test conditions and points of GJB in the wet and heat test are supplemented. IEC60068-2-30 alternating humid heat cycle test Note: This test uses the test technique of maintaining humidity and temperature alternations to make moisture permeate into the sample and produce condensation (condensation) on the surface of the product to confirm the adaptability of the component, equipment or other products in use, transportation and storage under the combination of high humidity and temperature and humidity cycle changes. This specification is also suitable for large test samples. If the equipment and the test process need to keep the power heating components for this test, the effect will be better than IEC60068-2-38, the high temperature used in this test has two (40 °C, 55 °C), the 40 °C is to meet most of the world's high temperature environment, while 55 °C meets all the world's high temperature environment, the test conditions are also divided into [cycle 1, cycle 2], In terms of severity, [Cycle 1] is higher than [Cycle 2]. Suitable for side products: components, equipment, various types of products to be tested Test environment: the combination of high humidity and temperature cyclic changes produces condensation, and three kinds of environments can be tested [use, storage, transportation ([packaging is optional)] Test stress: Breathing causes water vapor to invade Whether power is available: Yes Not suitable for: parts that are too light and too small Test process and post-test inspection and observation: check the electrical changes after moisture [do not take out the intermediate inspection] Test conditions: humidity: 95% R.H. warming] after [humidity maintain (25 + 3 ℃ low temperature - - high temperature 40 ℃ or 55 ℃) Rising and cooling rate: heating (0.14℃/min), cooling (0.08~0.16℃/min) Cycle 1: Where absorption and respiratory effects are important features, the test sample is more complex [humidity not less than 90%R.H] Cycle 2: In the case of less obvious absorption and respiratory effects, the test sample is simpler [humidity is not less than 80%R.H.] IEC60068-2-30 Alternating temperature and humid test (condensation test) Note: For component types of parts products, a combination test method is used to accelerate the confirmation of the test sample's tolerance to degradation under high temperature, high humidity and low temperature conditions. This test method is different from the product defects caused by respiration [dew, moisture absorption] of IEC60068-2-30. The severity of this test is higher than that of other humid heat cycle tests, because there are more temperature changes and [respiration] during the test, and the cycle temperature range is larger [from 55℃ to 65℃]. The temperature variation rate of the temperature cycle also becomes faster [temperature rise :0.14℃/min becomes 0.38℃/min, 0.08℃/min becomes 1.16 ℃/min]. In addition, different from the general humid heat cycle, the low temperature cycle condition of -10℃ is increased, which accelerates the breathing rate and makes the water condensing in the gap of the substitute icing. Is the characteristic of this test specification, the test process allows power and load power test, but can not affect the test conditions (temperature and humidity fluctuation, rising and cooling rate) because of the heating of the side product after power, due to the change of temperature and humidity during the test process, but the top of the test chamber can not condenses water droplets to the side product. Suitable for side products: components, metal components sealing, lead end sealing Test environment: combination of high temperature, high humidity and low temperature conditions Test stress: accelerated breathing + frozen water Whether it can be powered on: it can be powered on and external electric load (it can not affect the conditions of the test chamber because of power heating) Not applicable: Can not replace moist heat and alternating humid heat, this test is used to produce defects different from respiration Test process and post-test inspection and observation: check the electrical changes after moisture [check under high humidity conditions and take out after test] Test conditions: damp temperature and humidity cycle (25 ↔ 65 + 2 ° C / 93 + 3% r.h.) - low temperature cycle (25 ↔ 65 + 2 ℃ / 93 + 3% r.h. -- 10 + 2 ° C) X5 cycle = 10 cycle Rising and cooling rate: heating (0.38℃/min), cooling (1.16 °C/min) GJB150-o9 humid heat test Description: The wet and heat test of GJB150-09 is to confirm the ability of equipment to withstand the influence of hot and humid atmosphere, suitable for equipment stored and used in hot and humid environment, equipment prone to high humidity storage or use, or equipment may have potential problems related to heat and humidity. Hot and humid locations may occur throughout the year in tropical areas, seasonal occurrences in mid-latitudes, and in equipment subjected to comprehensive changes in pressure, temperature and humidity. The specification specifically emphasizes 60 ° C /95%R.H. This high temperature and humidity does not occur in nature, nor does it simulate the humid and thermal effect after solar radiation, but it can find potential problems in the equipment. However, it is not possible to reproduce complex temperature and humidity environments, assess long-term effects, and reproduce humidity effects associated with low humidity environments.  

IEC 60068-2   Instructions: IEC(International Electrotechnical Association) is the world's oldest non-governmental international electrical standardization organization, for the people's livelihood of the electronic products to develop relevant test specifications and methods, such as: mainframe board, notebook computers, tablets, smartphones, LCD screens, game consoles... The main spirit of its test is extended from IEC, the main representative of which is IEC60068-2, environmental test conditions its [environmental test] refers to the sample exposed to natural and artificial environments, but the performance of its actual use, transportation and storage conditions are evaluated. The environmental test of the sample can be uniform and linear through the use of standardized standards. Environmental testing can simulate whether the product can adapt to environmental changes (temperature, humidity, vibration, temperature change, temperature shock, salt spray, dust) at different stages (storage, transport, use). And verify that the characteristics and quality of the product itself will not be affected by it, low temperature, high temperature, temperature impact can produce mechanical stress, this stress makes the test sample more sensitive to the subsequent test, impact, vibration can produce mechanical stress, this stress can make the sample immediately damaged, air pressure, alternating humid heat, constant humid heat, corrosion application of these tests and can be continued thermal and mechanical stress test effects. Important IEC specification sharing: IEC69968-2-1- Cold Test purpose: To test the ability of automotive components, equipment or other component products to operate and store at low temperatures. Test methods are divided into: 1.Aa: Temperature sudden change method for non-thermal specimens 2.Ab: Temperature gradient method for non-thermal specimens 3.Ad: Temperature gradient method of thermogenic specimen Note: Aa: 1. Static test (without power supply). 2. First cool down to the specified temperature of the specification before placing the test part. 3. After stability, the temperature difference of each point on the specimen does not exceed ±3℃. 4. After the test is completed, the specimen is placed under standard atmospheric pressure until the fog is completely removed: no voltage is added to the specimen during the transfer process. 5. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). Ab: 1. Static test (without power supply). 2. The specimen is placed in the cabinet at room temperature, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature does not exceed 1℃ per minute. 3. The specimen shall be kept in the cabinet after the test, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature shall not exceed 1℃ per minute to return to the standard atmospheric pressure; The specimen should not be charged during temperature change. 4. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). (The difference between the temperature and the air temperature is more than 5℃). Ac: 1. Dynamic test (plus power supply) when the temperature of the specimen is stable after charging, the temperature of the specimen surface is the most hot spot. 2. The specimen is placed in the cabinet at room temperature, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature does not exceed 1℃ per minute. 3. The specimen should be kept in the cabinet after the test, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature should not exceed 1℃ per minute, and return to the standard atmospheric pressure; The specimen should not be charged during temperature change. 4. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). Test conditions: 1. Temperature :-65,-55,-40,-25,-10,-5,+5°C 2. Resident time :2/16/72/96 hours. 3. Temperature variation rate: no more than 1℃ per minute. 4. Tolerance error :+3°C. Test setup: 1. Heat generating specimens should be placed in the center of the test cabinet and the wall of the cabinet > 15cm Sample to specimen > 15cm test cabinet to test volume ratio > 5:1. 2. For heat-generating specimens, if air convection is used, the flow rate should be kept to a minimum. 3. The specimen should be unpacked, and the fixture should have the characteristics of high heat conduction.   IEC 60068-2-2- Dry heat Test purpose: To test the ability of components, equipment or other component products to operate and store in high temperature environments. The test method is: 1. Ba: Temperature sudden change method for non-thermal specimens 2.Bb: Temperature gradient method for non-thermal specimens 3.Bc: Temperature sudden change method for thermogenic specimens 4.Bd: Temperature gradient method for thermogenic specimens Note: Ba: 1. Static test (without power supply). 2. First cool down to the specified temperature of the specification before placing the test part. 3. After stability, the temperature difference of each point on the specimen does not exceed +5℃. 4. After the test is completed, place the specimen under standard atmospheric pressure and return to the original condition (at least 1hr). Bb: 1. Static test (without power supply). 2. The specimen is placed in the cabinet at room temperature, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature does not exceed 1℃ per minute, and the temperature is reduced to the temperature value specified in the specification. 3. The specimen shall be kept in the cabinet after the test, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature shall not exceed 1℃ per minute to return to the standard atmospheric pressure; The specimen should not be charged during temperature change. 4. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). Bc: 1. Dynamic test (external power supply) When the temperature of the specimen is stable after charging, the difference between the temperature of the hottest spot on the surface of the specimen and the air temperature is more than 5℃. 2. Heat up to the specified temperature of the specification before placing the test part. 3. After stability, the temperature difference of each point on the specimen does not exceed +5℃. 4. After the test is completed, the specimen will be placed under the standard atmospheric pressure, and the measurement will be carried out after the original condition is returned (at least 1hr). 5. The average temperature of the decimal point on the plane of 0~50mm on the bottom surface of the specimen. Bd: 1. Dynamic test (external power supply) when the temperature of the specimen is stable after charging, the temperature of the most hot spot on the surface of the specimen is more than 5°C different from the air temperature. 2. The specimen is placed in the cabinet at room temperature, and the temperature change of the cabinet temperature does not exceed 1℃ per minute, and rises to the specified temperature value. 3. Return to standard atmospheric pressure; The specimen should not be charged during temperature change. 4. Measure after returning to the original condition (at least 1hr). Test conditions: 1. The temperature 1000,800,630,500,400,315,250,200,175,155,125,100,85,70,55,40,30 ℃. 1. Resident time: 2/16/72/96 hours. 2. Temperature variation rate: no more than 1℃ per minute. (Average in 5 minutes) 3. Tolerance error: tolerance of ±2℃ below 200℃. (200~1000℃ tolerance ±2%)   IEC 60068-2-2- Test method Ca: Steady damp heat 1. Test purpose: The purpose of this test method is to determine the adaptability of components, equipment or other products to operation and storage at constant temperature and high relative humidity. Step 2: Scope This test method can be applied to both heat-dissipating and non-heat-dissipating specimens. 3. No limits 4. Test steps: 4.1 Specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications before testing. 4.2 The test specimen must be placed in the test cabinet in accordance with the relevant specifications. In order to avoid the formation of water droplets on the test specimen after it is placed in the cabinet, it is best to preheat the temperature of the test specimen to the temperature condition in the test cabinet in advance. 4.3 The specimen shall be insulated in accordance with the specified residence. 4.4 If specified in the relevant specifications, functional tests and measurements shall be performed during or after the test, and the functional tests shall be performed in accordance with the cycle required in the specifications, and the test pieces shall not be moved out of the test cabinet. 4.5 After the test, the specimen must be placed under standard atmospheric conditions for at least one hour and at most two hours to return to its original condition. Depending on the characteristics of the specimen or the different laboratory energy, the specimen can be removed or retained in the test cabinet to wait for recovery, if you want to remove the time to be as short as possible, preferably not more than five minutes, if maintained in the cabinet the humidity must be reduced to 73% to 77% R.H. within 30 minutes, while the temperature must also reach the laboratory temperature within 30 minutes +1℃ range. 5. Test conditions 5.1 Test temperature: The temperature in the test cabinet should be controlled within the range of 40+2°C. 5.2 Relative humidity: The humidity in the test cabinet should be controlled at 93(+2/-3)% R.H. Within the range. 5.3 Resident time: The resident time can be 4 days, 10 days, 21 days or 56 days. 5.4 Test tolerance: temperature tolerance is +2℃, error of packet content measurement, slow change of temperature and temperature difference in the temperature cabinet. However, in order to facilitate the maintenance of humidity within a certain range, the temperature of any two points in the test cabinet should be maintained within the minimum range as far as possible at any time. If the temperature difference exceeds 1 ° C, the humidity changes beyond the permissible range. Therefore, even short-term temperature changes may need to be controlled within 1 ° C. 6. Test setup 6.1 Temperature and humidity sensing devices must be installed in the test cabinet to monitor the temperature and humidity in the cabinet. 6.2 There shall be no condensation water droplets on the test specimen at the top or wall of the test cabinet. 6.3 The condensed water in the test cabinet must be discharged continuously and shall not be used again unless it is purified (re-purifed). 6.4 When the humidity in the test cabinet is achieved by spraying water into the test cabinet, the moisture resistance coefficient shall not be less than 500Ω. 7. Other 7.1 The temperature and humidity conditions in the test cabinet must be uniform and similar to those in the vicinity of the temperature and humidity sensor. 7.2 The temperature and humidity conditions in the test cabinet shall not be changed during the power-on or functional test of the specimen. 7.3 Precautions to be taken when removing moisture from the specimen surface shall be detailed in the relevant specifications.   IEC 68-2-14 Test method N: Temperature variation 1. Test purpose The purpose of this test method is to determine the effect of the specimen on the environment of temperature change or continuous temperature change. Step 2: Scope This test method can be divided into: Test method Na: Rapid temperature change within a specified time Test method Nb: Temperature change at specified temperature variability Test method Nc: Rapid temperature change by double liquid immersion method. The first two items apply to components, equipment or other products, and the third item applies to glass-metal seals and similar products. Step 3 Limit This test method does not validate high or low temperature environmental effects, and if such conditions are to be validated, "IEC68-2-1 test Method A:" cold "or "IEC 60068-2-2 Test Method B: dry heat" should be used. 4. Test procedure 4.1 Test method Na: Rapid temperature change in a specific time 4.1.1 Specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications before testing. 4.1.2 The specimen type shall be unpacked, unpowered and ready for use or other conditions specified in relevant specifications. The initial condition of the specimen was room temperature in the laboratory. 4.1.3 Adjust the temperature of the two temperature cabinets respectively to the specified high and low temperature conditions. 4.1.4 Place the specimen in the low-temperature cabinet and keep it warm according to the specified residence time. 4.1.5 Move the specimen into the high-temperature cabinet and keep it warm according to the specified residence time. 4.1.6 The transfer time of high and low temperature shall be subject to the test conditions. 4.1.7 Repeat the procedure of Steps 4.1.4 and 4.1.5 four times 4.1.8 After the test, the specimen should be placed under standard atmospheric conditions and kept for a certain time to make the specimen reach temperature stability. The response time shall refer to the relevant regulations. 4.1.9 After the test, the specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications. 4.2 Test method Nb: Temperature change at a specific temperature variability 4.2.1 The specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications before testing. 4.2.2 Place the test piece in the temperature cabinet. The shape of the test piece should be unpacked, unpowered and ready for use or other conditions specified in relevant specifications. The initial condition of the specimen was room temperature in the laboratory. The specimen can be made operational if required by the relevant specification. 4.2.3 The temperature of the cabinet shall be lowered to the prescribed low temperature condition, and the insulation shall be carried out according to the prescribed residence time 4.2.4 The temperature of the cabinet shall be raised to the specified high temperature condition, and heat preservation shall be carried out according to the specified residence time 4.2.5 The temperature variability of high and low temperature shall be subject to the test conditions. 4.2.6 Repeat the procedure in Steps 4.2.3 and 4.2.4: Electrical and mechanical tests shall be performed during the test. Record the time used for electrical and mechanical testing. After the test, the specimen should be placed under standard atmospheric conditions and kept for a certain time to make the specimen reach the temperature stability recovery time referred to the relevant specifications. After the test, the specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with the relevant specifications 5. Test conditions Test conditions can be selected by the following appropriate temperature conditions and test time or in accordance with the relevant specifications, 5.1 Test method Na: Rapid temperature change in a specific time High temperature: 1000800630500400315250200175155125100,85,70,55,4030 ° C Low temperature :-65,-55,-40,-25.-10.-5 °C Humidity: Vapor content per cubic meter of air should be less than 20 grams (equivalent to 50% relative humidity at 35 ° C). Residence time: The temperature adjustment time of the temperature cabinet can be 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes or 10 minutes, if there is no provision, it is set to 3 hours. After the test piece is placed in the temperature cabinet, the temperature adjustment time cannot exceed one-tenth of the residence time. Transfer time: manual 2~3 minutes, automatic less than 30 seconds, small specimen less than 10 seconds. Number of cycles :5 cycles. Test tolerance: The tolerance of temperature below 200℃ is +2℃ The tolerance of the temperature between 250 and 1000C is +2% of the test temperature. If the size of the temperature cabinet cannot meet the above tolerance requirements, the tolerance can be relaxed: the tolerance of the temperature below 100 ° C is ±3 ° C, and the tolerance of the temperature between 100 and 200 ° C is ±5 ° C (the tolerance relaxation should be indicated in the report). 5.2 Test method Nb: Temperature change at a specific temperature variability High temperature: 1000800630500400315250200175155125100,85,70 55403 0 'C Low temperature :-65,-55,-40,-25,-10,-5,5℃ Humidity: Vapor per cubic meter of air should be less than 20 grams (equivalent to 50% relative humidity at 35 ° C) Residence time: including rising and cooling time can be 3 hours, 2 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes or 10 minutes, if there is no provision, set to 3 hours. Temperature variability: The average temperature fluctuation of the temperature cabinet within 5 minutes is 1+0.2 ° C /min, 3+0.6 ° C /min, or 5+1 ° C /min. Number of cycles :2 cycles. Test tolerance: The tolerance of temperature below 200℃ is +2℃. The tolerance of the temperature between 250 and 1000℃C is +2% of the test temperature. If the size of the temperature cabinet cannot meet the above tolerance requirements, the tolerance can be relaxed. The tolerance of the temperature below 100 ° C is +3 ° C. The temperature between 100 ° C and 200 ° C is +5 ° C. (The tolerance relaxation should be indicated in the report). 6. Test setup 6.1 Test method Na: Rapid temperature change in a specific time The difference between the inner wall temperature of the high and low temperature cabinets and the temperature test specifications shall not exceed 3% and 8%(shown in °K) respectively to avoid thermal radiation problems. The thermogenic specimen should be placed in the center of the test cabinet as far as possible, and the distance between the specimen and the cabinet wall, the specimen and the specimen should be greater than 10 cm, and the ratio of the volume of the temperature cabinet and the specimen should be greater than 5:1. 6.2 Test method Nb: Temperature change at a specific temperature variability Specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with relevant specifications before testing. The specimen shall be in unpacked, unpowered and ready for use condition or other conditions specified in relevant specifications. The initial condition of the specimen was room temperature in the laboratory. Adjust the temperature of the two temperature cabinets respectively to the specified high and low temperature conditions The specimen is placed in a low-temperature cabinet and kept warm according to the specified residence time The specimen is placed in a high temperature cabinet and insulated according to the specified residence time. The transfer time of high and low temperature shall be performed according to the test conditions. Repeat the procedure of steps d and e four times. After the test, the specimen should be placed under standard atmospheric conditions and kept for a certain time to make the specimen reach the temperature stability recovery time referred to the relevant specifications. After the test, the specimens shall be inspected visually, electrically and mechanically in accordance with the relevant specifications 6.3 Test method NC: Rapid temperature change of double liquid soaking method The liquid used in the test shall be compatible with the specimen and shall not harm the specimen. 7. Others 7.1 Test method Na: Rapid temperature change in a specific time When the specimen is placed in the temperature cabinet, the temperature and air flow rate in the cabinet must reach the specified temperature specification and tolerance within one-tenth of the holding time. The air in the cabinet must be maintained in a circle, and the air flow rate near the specimen must not be less than 2 meters per second (2m/s). If the specimen is transferred from the high or low temperature cabinet, the holding time cannot be completed for some reason, it will stay in the previous holding state (preferably at low temperature). 7.2 Test method Nb: The air in the cabinet must be maintained in a circle at a specific temperature variability, and the air flow rate near the specimen must not be less than 2 meters per second (2m/s). 7.3 Test method NC: Rapid temperature change of double liquid soaking method When the specimen is immersed in the liquid, it can be quickly transferred between the two containers, and the liquid cannot be stirred.  

IEEE1513 Temperature Cycle Test and Wet Freezing Test, Humidity Heat Test 2 Steps: Both modules will perform 200 cycle temperature cycles between -40 °C and 60 °C or 50 cycle temperature cycles between -40 °C and 90 °C, as specified in ASTM E1171-99. Note: ASTM E1171-01: Test method for photoelectric modulus at Loop Temperature and humidity Relative humidity does not need to be controlled. The temperature variation should not exceed 100℃/ hour. The residence time should be at least 10 minutes and the high and low temperature should be within the requirement of ±5℃ Requirements: a. The module will be inspected for any obvious damage or degradation after the cycle test. b. The module should not show any cracks or warps, and the sealing material should not delaminate. c. If there is a selective electrical function test, the output power should be 90% or more under the same conditions of many original basic parameters Added: IEEE1513-4.1.1 Module representative or receiver test sample, if a complete module or receiver size is too large to fit into an existing environmental test chamber, the module representative or receiver test sample may be substituted for a full-size module or receiver. These test samples should be specially assembled with a replacement receiver, as if containing a string of cells connected to a full-size receiver, the battery string should be long and include at least two bypass diodes, but in any case three cells are relatively few, which summarizes the inclusion of links with the replacement receiver terminal should be the same as the full module. The replacement receiver shall include components representative of the other modules, including lens/lens housing, receiver/receiver housing, rear segment/rear segment lens, case and receiver connector, procedures A, B, and C will be tested. Two full-size modules should be used for outdoor exposure test procedure D. IEEE1513-5.8 Humidity freeze cycle test Humidity freeze cycle test Receiver Purpose: To determine whether the receiving part is sufficient to resist corrosion damage and the ability of moisture expansion to expand the material molecules. In addition, frozen water vapor is the stress for determining the cause of failure Procedure: The samples after temperature cycling will be tested according to Table 3, and will be subjected to wet freezing test at 85 ℃ and -40 ℃, humidity 85%, and 20 cycles. According to ASTM E1171-99, the receiving end with large volume shall refer to 4.1.1 Requirements: The receiving part shall meet the requirements of 5.7. Move out of the environment tank within 2 to 4 hours, and the receiving part should meet the requirements of the high-voltage insulation leakage test (see 5.4). module Purpose: Determine whether the module has sufficient capacity to resist harmful corrosion or widening of material bonding differences Procedure: Both modules will be subjected to wet freezing tests for 20 cycles, 4 or 10 cycles to 85 ° C as shown in ASTM E1171-99. Please note that the maximum temperature of 60 ° C is lower than the wet freezing test section at the receiving end. A complete high voltage insulation test (see 5.4) will be completed after a two to four hour cycle. Following the high voltage insulation test, the electrical performance test as described in 5.2 will be carried out. In large modules may also be completed, see 4.1.1. Requirements: a. The module will check for any obvious damage or degradation after the test, and record any. b. The module should exhibit no cracking, warping, or severe corrosion. There should be no layers of sealing material. c. The module shall pass the high voltage insulation test as described in IEEE1513-5.4. If there is a selective electrical function test, the output power can reach 90% or more under the same conditions of many original basic parameters IEEE1513-5.10 Damp heat test IEEE1513-5.10 Damp heat test Objective: To evaluate the effect and ability of receiving end to withstand long-term moisture infiltration. Procedure: The test receiver is tested in an environmental test chamber with 85%±5% relative humidity and 85 ° C ±2 ° C as described in ASTM E1171-99. This test should be completed in 1000 hours, but an additional 60 hours can be added to perform a high voltage insulation leakage test. The receiving part can be used for testing. Requirements: The receiving end needs to leave the damp heat test chamber for 2 ~ 4 hours to pass the high voltage insulation leakage test (see 5.4) and pass the visual inspection (see 5.1). If there is a selective electrical function test, the output power should be 90% or more under the same conditions of many original basic parameters. IEEE1513 Module test and inspection procedures IEEE1513-5.1 Visual inspection procedure Purpose: To establish the current visual status so that the receiving end can compare whether they pass each test and guarantee that they meet the requirements for further testing. IEEE1513-5.2 Electrical performance test Objective: To describe the electrical characteristics of the test module and the receiver and to determine their peak output power. IEEE1513-5.3 Ground continuity test Purpose: To verify electrical continuity between all exposed conductive components and the grounding module. IEEE1513-5.4 Electrical isolation test (dry hi-po) Purpose: To ensure that the electrical insulation between the circuit module and any external contact conductive part is sufficient to prevent corrosion and safeguard the safety of workers. IEEE1513-5.5 Wet insulation resistance test Purpose: To verify that moisture cannot penetrate the electronically active part of the receiving end, where it could cause corrosion, ground failure, or identify hazards for human safety. IEEE1513-5.6 Water spray test Objective: The field wet resistance test (FWRT) evaluates the electrical insulation of solar cell modules based on humidity operating conditions. This test simulates heavy rain or dew on its configuration and wiring to verify that moisture does not enter the array circuit used, which can increase corrosiveness, cause ground failures, and create electrical safety hazards for personnel or equipment. IEEE1513-5.7 Thermal cycle test (Thermal cycle test) Objective: To determine whether the receiving end can properly withstand the failure caused by the difference in thermal expansion of parts and joint materials. IEEE1513-5.8 Humidity freeze cycle test Objective: To determine whether the receiving part is sufficiently resistant to corrosion damage and the ability of moisture expansion to expand the material molecules. In addition, frozen water vapor is the stress for determining the cause of failure. IEEE1513-5.9 Robustness of terminations test Purpose: To ensure the wires and connectors, apply external forces on each part to confirm that they are strong enough to maintain normal handling procedures. IEEE1513-5.10 Damp heat test (Damp heat test) Objective: To evaluate the effect and ability of receiving end to withstand long-term moisture infiltration. I EEE1513-5.11 Hail impact test Objective: To determine whether any component, especially the condenser, can survive hail. IE EE1513-5.12 Bypass diode thermal test (Bypass diode thermal test) Objective: To evaluate the availability of sufficient thermal design and use of bypass diodes with relative long-term reliability to limit the adverse effects of module thermal shift diffusion. IEEE1513-5.13 Hot-spot endurance test (Hot-Spot endurance test) Objective: To assess the ability of modules to withstand periodic heat shifts over time, commonly associated with failure scenarios such as severely cracked or mismatched cell chips, single point open circuit failures, or uneven shadows (shaded portions). I EEE1513-5.14 Outdoor exposure test (Outdoor exposure test) Purpose: In order to preliminarily assess the capability of the module to withstand exposure to outdoor environments (including ultraviolet radiation), the reduced effectiveness of the product may not be detected by laboratory testing. IEEE1513-5.15 Off-axis beam damage test Purpose: To ensure that any part of the module is destroyed due to module deviation of the concentrated solar radiation beam.  

Reliability - Environment Reliability analysis is based on quantitative data as the basis of product quality, through the experimental simulation, the product in a given time, specific use of environmental conditions, the implementation of specific specifications, the probability of successful completion of work objectives, to quantitative data as the basis for product quality assurance. Among them, environmental testing is a common analysis item in reliability analysis. Environmental reliability testing is a test performed to ensure that the functional reliability of a product is maintained during the specified life period, under all circumstances in which it is intended to be used, transported or stored. The specific test method is to expose the product to natural or artificial environmental conditions, to evaluate the performance of the product under the environmental conditions of actual use, transportation and storage, and to analyze the impact of environmental factors and their mechanism of action. Sembcorp's Nanoreliability Analysis laboratory mainly evaluates IC reliability by increasing temperature, humidity, bias, analog IO and other conditions, and selecting conditions to accelerate aging according to IC design requirements. The main test methods are as follows: TC temperature cycle test Experimental standard: JESD22-A104 Objective: To accelerate the effect of temperature change on the sample Test procedure: The sample is placed in a test chamber, which cycles between specified temperatures and is held at each temperature for at least ten minutes. The temperature extremes depend on the conditions selected in the test method. The total stress corresponds to the number of cycles completed at the specified temperature. capacity of equipment Temperature Range  -70℃—+180℃ Temperature Change Rate 15℃/min linear Internal Volume   160L Internal Dimension  W800*H500 * D400mm External Dimension W1000 * H1808 * D1915mm Quantity of sample  25 / 3lot Time/pass   700 cycles / 0 Fail2300 cycles / 0 Fail BLT high temperature bias test Experimental standard: JESD22-A108 Objective: The influence of high temperature bias on samples Test process: Put the sample into the experimental chamber, set the specified voltage and current limit value in power supply, try run at room temperature, observe whether the limited current occurs in power supply, measure whether the input chip terminal voltage meets the expectation, record the current value at room temperature, and set the specified temperature in chamber. When the temperature is stable at the set value, power on at high temperature and record the high temperature current value Equipment capacity: Temperature Range  +20℃—+300℃ Internal Volume   448L Internal Dimension  W800*H800 * D700mm External Dimension W1450 * H1215 * D980mm Quantity of sample  25 / 3lot Time/pass   Case Temperature 125℃ ,1000hrs/ 0 Fail HAST highly accelerated stress test Experimental standard: JESD22-A110/A118 (EHS-431ML, EHS-222MD) Objective: HAST provides constant multiple stress conditions, including temperature, humidity, pressure, and bias. Carried out to assess the reliability of non-enclosed packaged equipment operating in humid environments. Multiple stress conditions can accelerate the infiltration of moisture through the encapsulation mold compound or along the interface between the external protective material and the metal conductor passing through the encapsulation. When water reaches the surface of the bare piece, the applied potential sets up an electrolytic condition that corrodes the aluminum conductor and affects the DC parameters of the device. Contaminants present on the chip surface, such as chlorine, can greatly accelerate the corrosion process. In addition, too much phosphorus in the passivation layer can also react under these conditions. Device 1 and device 2 Equipment capacity: Quantity of sample  25 / 3lot Time/pass   130℃，85%RH ,96hrs/ 0 Fail 110℃，85%RH ,264hrs/ 0 Fail Device 1 Temperature Range -105℃—+142.9℃ Humidity Range  75%RH—100%RH Pressure Range  0.02—0.196MPa Internal Volume   51L Internal Dimension  W355*H355 * D426mm External Dimension W860 * H1796 * D1000mm Device 2 Temperature Range -105℃—+142.9℃ Humidity Range  75%RH—100%RH Pressure Range  0.02—0.392MPa Internal Volume   180L Internal Dimension  W569*H560 * D760mm External Dimension W800 * H1575 * D1460mm THB temperature and humidity cycle test Experimental standard: JESD22-A101 Objective: The influence of temperature and humidity change on the sample Experimental process: Put the sample into the experimental chamber, set the specified voltage and current limit value in power supply, try run at room temperature, observe whether the limited current occurs in power supply, measure whether the input chip terminal voltage meets the expectation, record the current value at room temperature, and set the specified temperature in chamber. When the temperature is stable at the set value, power on at high temperature and record the high temperature current value Equipment capacity: Temperature Range -40℃—+180℃ Humidity Range  10%RH—98%RH Temperature Conversion Rate 3℃/min Internal Volume   784L Internal Dimension  W1000*H980 * D800mm External Dimension W1200 * H1840 * D1625mm Quantity of sample  25 / 3lot Time/pass   85℃，85%RH ,1000hrs/ 0 Fail Procedure temperature and humidity cycle, there has no humidity when temperature over 100℃  TSA&TSB temperature shock test Experimental standard: JESD22-A106 Objective: To accelerate the effect of temperature change on the sample Test process: The sample is put into the test chamber, and the specified temperature is set inside the chamber. Before heating up, it is confirmed that the sample has been fixed on the mold, which has prevented damage due to the sample falling into the chamber during the experiment. Equipment capacity:   TSA  TSB Temperature Range -70℃—+200℃  -65℃—+200℃ Temperature Change Rate ≤5min   ＜20S Internal Volume 70L  4.5L    Internal Dimension　  W410*H460 * D3700mm   W150*H150 * D200mm External Dimension W1310 * H1900 * D1770mm  W1200 * H1785 * D1320mm  

Solar Module EVA Film Introduction 1 In order to improve the power generation efficiency of solar cell modules, provide protection against the loss caused by environmental climate change, and ensure the service life of solar modules, EVA plays a very important role. EVA is non-adhesive and anti-adhesive at room temperature. After hot pressing under certain conditions during the solar cell packaging process, EVA will produce melt bonding and adhesive curing. The cured EVA film becomes completely transparent and has quite high light transmittance. The cured EVA can withstand atmospheric changes and has elasticity. The solar cell wafer is wrapped and bonded with the upper glass and lower TPT by vacuum lamination technology. Basic functions of EVA film: 1. Secure the solar Cell and connecting circuit wires to provide cell insulation protection 2. Perform optical coupling 3. Provide moderate mechanical strength 4. Provide a heat transfer pathway EVA Main features: 1. Heat resistance, low temperature resistance, moisture resistance and weather resistance 2. Good followability to metal glass and plastic 3. Flexibility & Elasticity 4. High light transmission 5. Impact resistance 6. Low temperature winding Thermal conductivity of solar cell related materials: (K value of thermal conductivity at 27 ° C (300'K)) Description: EVA is used for the combination of solar cells as a follow-up agent, because of its strong follow-up ability, softness and elongation, it is suitable for joining two different expansion coefficient materials. Aluminum: 229 ~ 237 W/(m·K) Coated aluminum alloy: 144 W/(m·K) Silicon wafer: 80 ~ 148 W/(m·K) Glass: 0.76 ~ 1.38 W/(m·K) EVA: 0.35W /(m·K) TPT: 0.614 W/(m·K) EVA appearance inspection: no crease, no stain, smooth, translucent, no stain edge, clear embossing EVA material performance parameters: Melting index: affects the enrichment rate of EVA Softening point: The temperature point at which EVA begins to soften Transmittance: There are different transmittance for different spectral distributions, which mainly refers to the transmittance under the spectral distribution of AM1.5 Density: density after bonding Specific heat: the specific heat after bonding, reflecting the size of the temperature increase value when the EVA after bonding absorbs the same heat Thermal conductivity: thermal conductivity after bonding, reflecting the thermal conductivity of EVA after bonding Glass transition temperature: reflects the low temperature resistance of EVA Breaking tension strength: The breaking tension strength of EVA after bonding reflects the mechanical strength of EVA after bonding Elongation at break: the elongation at break at EVA after bonding reflects the tension of EVA after bonding Water absorption: It directly affects the sealing performance of battery cells Binding rate: The binding rate of EVA directly affects his impermeability Peel strength: reflects the bond strength between EVA and peel EVA reliability test purpose: to confirm the weather resistance, light transmission, bonding force, ability to absorb deformation, ability to absorb physical impact, damage rate of pressing process of EVA... Let's wait. EVA aging test equipment and projects: constant temperature and humidity test chamber (high temperature, low temperature, high temperature and high humidity), high and low temperature chamber (temperature cycle), ultraviolet testing machine (UV) VA Model 2: Glass /EVA/ conductive copper sheet /EVA/ glass composite Description: Through the on-resistance electrical measurement system, the low resistance in EVA is measured. Through the change of the on-resistance value during the test, the water and gas penetration of EVA is determined, and the oxidation corrosion of copper sheet is observed. After three tests of temperature cycle, wet freezing and wet heat, the characteristics of EVA and Backsheet change: (↑ : up, ↓ : down) After three tests of temperature cycle, wet freezing and wet heat, the characteristics of EVA and Backsheet change: (↑ : up, ↓ : down) EVA： Backsheet： Yellow↑ Inner layer yellow ↑ Cracking ↑ Cracks in the inner layer and PET layer ↑ Atomization ↑ Reflectivity ↓ Transparency ↓      

Solar Module EVA Film Introduction 2 EVA-UV test: Description: Test the attenuation ability of EVA to withstand ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, after a long time of UV irradiation, EVA film will appear brown, penetration rate decreased... And so on. EVA environmental test project and test conditions: Humid heat: 85℃ / RH 85%; 1,000 hrs Thermal cycle: -40℃ ~ 85℃; 50 cycles Wet freezing test: -40℃ ~ 85℃ / RH 85%; 10 times UV: 280~385nm/ 1000w/200hrs (no cracking and no discoloration) EVA Test Conditions (NREL) : High temperature test: 95℃ ~ 105℃/1000h Humidity and heat: 85℃/85%R.H./>1000h[1500h] Temperature cycle: -40℃←→85℃/>200Cycles  (No bubbles, no cracking, no desticking, no discoloration, no thermal expansion and contraction) UV aging: 0.72W/m2, 1000 hrs, 60℃(no cracking, no discoloration) Outdoor: > California sunshine for 6 months Example of EVA characteristics change under Damp heat test: Discoloration, atomization, Browning, delamination Comparison of EVA bond strength at high temperature and humidity: Description: EVA film at 65℃/85%R.H and 85℃/85%R.H. The degradation of the bond strength was compared at 65℃/85%R.H under two different wet and hot conditions. After 5000 hours of testing, the degradation benefit is not high, but EVA at 85℃/85%R.H. In the test environment, the adhesion is quickly lost, and there is a significant reduction in bond strength in 250 hours. EVA-HAST unsaturated pressurized vapor test: Objective: Since EVA film needs to be tested for more than 1000 hours at 85℃/85%R.H., which is equal to at least 42 days, in order to shorten the test time and accelerate the test speed, it is necessary to increase the environmental stress (temperature & humidity & pressure) and speed up the test process in the environment of unsaturated humidity (85%R.H.). Test conditions: 110℃/85%R.H./264h EVA-PCT pressure digester test: Objective: The PCT test of EVA is to increase the environmental stress (temperature & humidity) and expose EVA to wetting vapor pressure exceeding one atmosphere, which is used to evaluate the sealing effect of EVA and the moisture absorption status of EVA. Test condition: 121℃/100%R.H. Test time: 80h(COVEME) / 200h(toyal Solar) EVA and CELL bond tensile force test: EVA: 3 ~ 6Mpa Non-EVA material: 15Mpa Additional information from EVA: 1. The water absorption of EVA will directly affect its sealing performance of the battery 2.WVTR < 1×10-6g/m2/day(NREL recommended PV WVTR) 3. The adhesive degree of EVA directly affects its impermeability. It is recommended that the adhesive degree of EVA and cell should be greater than 60% 4. When the bonding degree reaches more than 60%, thermal expansion and contraction will no longer occur 5. The bonding degree of EVA directly affects the performance and service life of the component 6. Unmodified EVA has low cohesion strength and is prone to thermal expansion and contraction leading to chip fragmentation 7.EVA peeling strength: longitudinal ≧20N/cm, horizontal ≧20N/cm 8. The initial light transmittance of the packaging film is not less than 90%, and the internal decline rate of 30 years is not less than 5%          

What are the High and Low Temperature Explosion-proof Devices? Due to the particularity of the test product, during the test process, the test product may produce a large amount of gas in the high temperature or high pressure state, which may catch fire and explode. In order to ensure production safety, preventive safety protection devices can be used as optional equipment. Therefore, the high and low temperature test chamber needs to add special devices - explosion-proof devices when testing these special products. Today, let's talk about what are the high and low temperature explosion-proof devices. 1. Pressure relief port When the air generated in the test chamber increases and the gas pressure in the chamber reaches a threshold, the pressure relief port automatically opens and releases the pressure outwards. This design ensures that when the system overpressure, the pressure can be released, thereby preventing the system from collapsing or exploding. The location and number of pressure relief ports are determined according to the specific fire extinguishing system design and application requirements. 2. Smoke detector The smoke detector mainly realizes fire prevention by monitoring the concentration of smoke. The ionic smoke sensor is used inside the smoke detector. The ionic smoke sensor is a kind of sensor with advanced technology and stable and reliable operation. When the concentration of smoke particles in the chamber is greater than the threshold, it will sense and alarm to remind the production to stop operation and achieve the effect of preventing fire. 3. Gas detector A gas detector is an instrument that detects the concentration of a gas. The instrument is suitable for dangerous places where combustible or toxic gases exist, and can continuously detect the content of the measured gas in the air within the lower explosive limit for a long time. The gas diffuses into the working electrode of the sensor through the back of the porous film, where the gas is oxidized or reduced. This electrochemical reaction causes a change in the current flowing through the external circuit, and the gas concentration can be measured by measuring the size of the current. 4. Smoke exhaust system The air inlet of the pressurized fan is directly connected with the outdoor air. In order to prevent the outdoor air from being polluted by smoke, the air inlet of the supply fan should not be located at the same level as the air outlet of the exhaust machine. A one-way air valve should be installed on the outlet or inlet air pipe of the fan. Mechanical smoke exhaust system adopts smoke exhaust fan for mechanical exhaust air. According to relevant information, a well-designed mechanical smoke exhaust system can discharge 80% of the heat in the fire, so that the temperature of the fire scene is greatly reduced, and it has an important role in the safety of personnel evacuation and fire fighting. 5. Electromagnetic lock and mechanical door buckle The electromagnetic lock uses the electromagnetic principle to achieve the fixing of the lock body, without the need to use a mechanical lock tongue, so the electromagnetic lock does not exist the possibility of mechanical lock tongue damage or forced destruction. The electromagnetic lock has a high anti-impact strength, when the external impact force acts on the lock body, the lock body will not be easily destroyed, and there will be certain protective measures when the explosion occurs. 6. Automatic fire extinguishing device The automatic fire extinguishing device is mainly composed of four parts: detector (thermal energy detector, flame detector, smoke detector), fire extinguisher (carbon dioxide extinguisher), digital temperature control alarm and communication module. Through the digital communication module in the device, the real-time temperature changes, alarm status and fire extinguisher information in the fire area can be remotely monitored and controlled, which can not only remotely monitor the various states of the automatic fire extinguishing device, but also master the real-time changes in the fire area, which can minimize the loss of life and property when the fire occurs. 7. Indicator and warning light Communicate equipment status or transmission status by visual and acoustic signals to machine operators, technicians, production managers and plant personnel.  

What are the Safety Protection Systems of the High and Low Temperature Test Chamber? 1, Leakage/surge protection:Leakage circuit breaker leakage protection FUSE.RC electronic surge protection from Taiwan 2, The controller internal self-automatic detection and protection device (1) Temperature/humidity sensor: The controller controls the temperature and humidity in the test area within the set range through the temperature and humidity sensor (2) Controller overtemperature alarm: when the heating tube in the chamber continues to heat up and exceeds the temperature set by the internal parameters of the controller, the buzzer in it will alarm and need to be manually reset and reused 3, Fault detection control interface: external fault automatic detection protection Settings (1) The first layer of high temperature overtemperature protection: operation control overtemperature protection Settings (2) The second layer of high temperature and overtemperature protection: the use of anti-dry burning overtemperature protector to protect the system will not be heated all the time to burn the equipment (3) Water break and air burning protection: humidity is protected by anti-dry burning overtemperature protector (4) Compressor protection: refrigerant pressure protection and over-load protection device 4, Fault abnormal protection: when the fault occurs, cut off the control power supply and the fault cause indication and alarm output signal 5, Automatic water shortage warning: the machine water shortage active warning 6, Dynamic high and low temperature protection: with the setting conditions to dynamically adjust the high and low temperature protection value

Slurry pumps are widely used in industries such as chemical processing, metallurgy, and mining for transporting high-concentration, solid-containing corrosive media. However, during long-term use, slurry pumps often encounter some common failures. Understanding the causes of these failures and how to resolve them can help improve pump efficiency and reduce maintenance costs. This blog will outline several common slurry pump failures and their corresponding solutions. 1. Insufficient Pump Flow Causes: Impeller or flow path blockage, affecting the normal flow of the medium. Air trapped inside the pump body or pipeline, leading to cavitation. Air leakage in the suction line, causing insufficient negative pressure in the pump chamber. Severe wear of the impeller or sealing ring, reducing pump efficiency. Solutions: Regularly clean the pump body and pipeline to ensure no blockages. Fully vent the pump before starting to prevent air from entering the pump body. Check for leaks in pipeline connections and repair any points of air leakage. Replace worn impellers or sealing rings to restore normal performance. 2. Pump Fails to Start Causes: Power issues such as low voltage or poor circuit connections. Foreign objects lodged inside the pump, preventing the pump shaft from turning. Motor failure preventing the pump from running. Mechanical seals are stuck or tightened, hindering rotation. Solutions: Check the power voltage and circuit connections to ensure proper electrical supply. Open the pump and remove any foreign objects or check if the pump shaft is jammed. In the case of motor failure, contact a technician for repair or replacement. Lubricate or replace damaged mechanical seals to ensure smooth rotation. 3. Mechanical Seal Leakage Causes: Mechanical seals are worn or failing, resulting in poor sealing. Improper installation of sealing components, creating gaps. Large solid particles in the slurry causing long-term wear on sealing components. Excessive operating temperatures leading to seal deformation or aging. Solutions: Replace worn or failed mechanical seals to ensure proper sealing performance. Check if the seals are installed correctly and readjust if necessary. Optimize slurry filtration to reduce the impact of large particles on seals. Ensure the pump operates within the proper temperature range to prevent damage to seals. 4. Excessive Vibration and Noise Causes: Damaged or poorly lubricated bearings, leading to increased friction. Misalignment between the pump shaft and motor shaft, causing imbalance. Loose bolts causing instability during operation. Air trapped in the medium, causing cavitation. Solutions: Regularly inspect and lubricate bearings, and replace worn ones when needed. Adjust the alignment of the pump and motor shafts to ensure proper balance. Check and tighten all bolts to prevent instability. Prevent air from entering the pump and causing cavitation. 5. Decreased Pump Efficiency Causes: Severe wear of the impeller or internal pump components, reducing efficiency. High solid content in the medium, increasing the pump’s load. Poor hydraulic design leading to unstable operating conditions. Lack of maintenance over time, causing performance degradation. Solutions: Regularly inspect the internal components for wear and replace damaged parts. Optimize the handling process of the medium to reduce solid particle concentration and decrease pump load. Analyze and adjust the pump's operating conditions to ensure the hydraulic design fits the application. Implement a regular maintenance schedule to keep the pump running at optimal performance. Conclusion Slurry transfer pumps are powerful industrial transport tools, but they can experience common failures during prolonged use. Understanding the causes and solutions to these problems can not only extend the equipment's service life but also improve operational efficiency. Anhui Changyu Pump & Valve Manufacturing Co., Ltd. recommends users conduct regular inspections and maintenance based on actual working conditions to ensure the slurry pump remains in optimal working condition. If you encounter any other issues during the use of your slurry pump, feel free to contact Anhui Changyu Pump & Valve Manufacturing Co., Ltd. for professional technical support and services.

    Acid transfer pumps are essential for transporting various acidic liquids and are widely used in industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and environmental protection. Choosing the right material is crucial for ensuring the pump's performance, durability, and safety. So, what materials are commonly used in acid transfer pumps? This article will provide an in-depth analysis of several popular materials and their applications, helping you select the most suitable acid transfer pump.     1. Stainless Steel     Stainless steel is a popular choice for acid transfer pumps due to its excellent corrosion resistance and oxidation protection. Specifically, 316L stainless steel is highly resistant to corrosion from most acidic liquids, making it ideal for the transportation of low to medium concentration acids. Stainless steel acid transfer pumps also offer heat resistance, ease of cleaning, and a long service life, making them ideal for industries such as chemicals and food processing.     2. Fluoroplastics (F4, F46)     Fluoroplastic is an exceptional corrosion-resistant material, capable of withstanding almost all strong acids and alkalis. Acid transfer pumps made from fluoroplastics can safely handle highly corrosive media like concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and nitric acid. Fluoroplastic acid transfer pumps are highly popular in industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and environmental protection due to their high-temperature resistance and wear resistance, offering enhanced reliability.     3. Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene (FRPP)     FRPP is a lightweight and relatively affordable material with solid corrosion resistance. Acid transfer pumps made from FRPP are particularly suitable for transporting low-concentration acidic liquids like phosphoric acid and acetic acid. Key advantages of FRPP include excellent chemical resistance, good impact strength, and ease of installation and maintenance, making it an economical option.     4. Ceramic Materials     Ceramic materials are renowned for their extreme resistance to corrosion and wear, particularly in the transport of acidic liquids containing solid particles. While ceramic pumps may be more brittle, their exceptional performance in highly corrosive and abrasive environments makes them a unique solution for specialized applications.     5. Hastelloy     For applications requiring the handling of high-temperature, high-concentration acids, Hastelloy is an exceptionally corrosion-resistant alloy. Acid transfer pumps made from Hastelloy can operate reliably in extreme environments and withstand severe acid and temperature conditions. Although these pumps tend to be more expensive, their excellent performance makes them widely used in demanding industries such as petrochemicals.     6. Titanium Alloy     Titanium alloy provides outstanding corrosion resistance, especially for transporting strong acids like aqua regia and hydrofluoric acid. Titanium alloy acid transfer pumps are lightweight, highly durable, and offer superior corrosion protection, making them ideal for the transport of highly corrosive liquids. These pumps are widely used in advanced industries such as aerospace and marine engineering.     Different materials for acid transfer pumps are suitable for different acidic liquids and working environments. Choosing the right pump material not only extends the equipment's life but also increases operational efficiency and reduces maintenance costs. Whether you're looking for stainless steel, fluoroplastic, or specialized alloy acid transfer pumps, understanding the characteristics of each material will help you make an informed decision.